tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31106128022429206332024-03-13T10:39:45.221+11:00Brian Walters in Barkers CreekBrian Walters' personal blogPeter Campbellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11193189968913129464noreply@blogger.comBlogger148125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-68734040394854849852023-01-25T15:57:00.004+11:002023-01-25T15:58:47.371+11:00 The Goldfields: World Heritage, or a Legacy of Shame?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLSJVXuZZkTmWXc61q6zkhi0xZgKX2Dk_BVscbAGIOja0f1GgUjOQ5k7zj1iNGHktlFR6X-cUtaVl67LjZMiEKA5T_TihSAhEw_JlctkAqey-qK0yeVKL-kzHrXYWxDkPXaC09Ix-bJ55cpjpR1bU47xuFXgSBZgqcv2V7lxWr7f6uiIj5klWO5Xje/s704/Specimen%20Gully%20Dredge%20ca%201885_SLV.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="704" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLSJVXuZZkTmWXc61q6zkhi0xZgKX2Dk_BVscbAGIOja0f1GgUjOQ5k7zj1iNGHktlFR6X-cUtaVl67LjZMiEKA5T_TihSAhEw_JlctkAqey-qK0yeVKL-kzHrXYWxDkPXaC09Ix-bJ55cpjpR1bU47xuFXgSBZgqcv2V7lxWr7f6uiIj5klWO5Xje/w400-h300/Specimen%20Gully%20Dredge%20ca%201885_SLV.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Specimen Gully dredge in action at Barkers Creek in 1885. The diggings extend over ten metres into the ground.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/political-rivals-unite-in-heritage-listing-bid-for-victorian-goldfields-20221005-p5bnif.html">Two former premiers</a> are the face of a World Heritage bid for the Central Victorian Goldfields. All thirteen local councils have supported the bid.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The push raises important questions about our history and how we value it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">World Heritage is reserved for places <span style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">of ‘<a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/">outstanding universal value to humanity</a><span class="apple-converted-space">‘. Australian places inscribed on the World Heritage List include the <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154/">Great Barrier Reef</a>, <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/447/">Uluru-Kata Tjuta</a>, and the <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/166/">Sydney Opera House</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Are the goldfields in this category? Do we want to celebrate what was done in the mid-nineteenth century, which caused so much lasting damage? It is a question of what we value.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Heritage and history should not be confused. The Victorian gold rush is a fact of history. It brought some good things – including fine buildings of that era. It brought population and wealth to the fledgling colony of Victoria. It produced the Eureka stockade and similar movements that helped shape our democracy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">But it also brought massive environmental and cultural devastation. The damage done by the gold rush is still with us – almost the whole of central Victoria was dug up, often to a depth of several metres, and turned over. This created what is often called ‘upside down country’ – with hydrology deranged, the topsoil gone, and depauperated soil unable to retain moisture and hosting only a fraction of the biodiversity that once flourished here.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Central Victoria was home to Box-Ironbark woodlands. According to the <a href="https://www.veac.vic.gov.au/investigations-assessments/previous-investigations/investigation/box-ironbark-forests-woodlands-investigation-ecc-2001">2001 Victorian Environment Assessment Council study into Box-Ironbark</a>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">'Old growth forest', as defined in most other Victorian forests, is virtually absent from Box-lronbark forests, because of their history of clearing and heavy use in the gold rushes, followed by intensive selective harvesting.</span></i></span><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">One and a half centuries on, we are seeing the disappearance of species once common across the area, while others, such as the swift parrot, the squirrel glider and the tuan, are just hanging on. It is a dire legacy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The heritage <a href="https://goldfieldsworldheritage.com.au/about-the-bid/statement-of-outstanding-universal-value/">bid</a> focuses on the immigration that brought a new society to central Victoria – for both good and ill. But it airbrushes away the catastrophic trashing of the environment and minimises calamitous destruction of indigenous culture. You can read the documents in vain for any acknowledgement of the damage done to the environment. This makes the document disingenuous – downplaying as it does the shameful side of the era it seeks to celebrate.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Although a mere flicker in the long history of this region, there is no doubting the significance of the gold rush. But chapters in history can be significant without amounting to heritage: the White Australia Policy was significant, but who would elevate it to the status of heritage? <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Castlemaine was briefly the most productive gold-producing region in the world. The damage is still obvious, with denuded soils, mullock heaps and mine shafts, and old junk left by miners. The <a href="https://goldfieldsworldheritage.com.au/about-the-bid/statement-of-outstanding-universal-value/">promotional documents</a> for the bid disingenuously states:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #666666;">Castlemaine Diggings, scene of the 1852-54 Mount Alexander Goldrush, was the first major goldfield in Australia to attract a huge influx of voluntary immigrants. Its landscape provides exceptional testimony to the early-rush individual ‘miner-adventurer’, and eloquently captures the human goldrush spirit in material form. Diggers’ small claims, across the goldfields in gullies and flats, surrounded by regenerating Box-Ironbark forest, yielded the greatest concentration of the largest gold nuggets the world had ever known; a catalyst for hundreds of spontaneous rushes by large populations.</span></i><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Really? First of all, the striking fact is that the Box Ironbark forest is not regenerating, except where intensive intervention has enabled this to happen. And the ‘small claims’ are marked by erosion, infestation of weeds, old junk, and the sad legacy of destruction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Community groups are working to restore Box-Ironbark. This requires repair of water retention features, and management to allow the woodland to regrow. On public land, each step requires consultation and permission. Prioritising gold mining historic values will retard this work, imposing a further layer of restriction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The bid trumpets its (questionable) value to tourism, but tourism values and heritage values are distinct.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Publicity material lists other values in the bid, including First Nations values, but inevitably the bid will prioritise gold rush history over other values.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">For me, living near Castlemaine, the legacy of the gold rush is a matter of shame. So much was lost for such ephemeral gains. There are many features of this area which would justify World Heritage status – but not the tragic legacy of the gold rush. We should never include those values as part of any bid for World Heritage.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-60584656964799937632023-01-21T09:22:00.002+11:002023-01-21T09:22:19.917+11:00launch of Treason<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwxldsnHmvmNhq65gcn5sJRg9G8RFc-wIeqMzMlTtjM19M0Y7FpU8GbiypGQMaDIvmNP8WaO6KmTLvM8AFuSQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;">Thanks to Georgia for this clip of the recent launch of <i>Treason</i>.</p><p> </p>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-39425800549711033992022-12-22T18:57:00.002+11:002022-12-22T18:57:15.739+11:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsMC4AzCgE-22bpvQM6p6vGels_QTwKOQ8eZmbnChO1H7a8earfQcrNdnhFATcwMISqxcDKC8x0et3EsLm7moO8DNlObhsDE_fvUMRZXVrzy8OhGMmrCiDAxICg1o2GhG5AY9FszUsHCT3BWa2_uelafUg75VgMDBifVp5eEbOJsI8-ixShfEwB06p/s619/cover-treason-720x1012_6px_vhfwif.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="440" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsMC4AzCgE-22bpvQM6p6vGels_QTwKOQ8eZmbnChO1H7a8earfQcrNdnhFATcwMISqxcDKC8x0et3EsLm7moO8DNlObhsDE_fvUMRZXVrzy8OhGMmrCiDAxICg1o2GhG5AY9FszUsHCT3BWa2_uelafUg75VgMDBifVp5eEbOJsI8-ixShfEwB06p/s320/cover-treason-720x1012_6px_vhfwif.webp" width="227" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>The great people at Northern Books are organising a <a href="https://www.northernbooks.com.au/brian-walters">launch</a> for <a href="https://www.brianwaltersauthor.com/product-page/treason-the-book">Treason</a>.</p><p>It will be at the <a href="https://shedshakerbrewing.com/taproom/">Taproom</a>, Shedshaker Brewing, at the Mill in Castlemaine, on Tuesday 10 January at 6 pm.</p><p>I will be in conversation with the wonderful Helen Symon KC.</p><p>You will need to book your attendance <a href="https://www.trybooking.com/events/landing?eid=999576&">here</a>.</p><p>Look forward to seeing you there!</p><p><br /></p>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-55818740637987009412022-10-05T17:52:00.001+11:002022-10-05T17:52:37.591+11:00Treason is now available around the world<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDZUlAbCv4GejBxWe6_x76-Cjo2HImePzbRf7NIGkaFULINfudjW1Q8if5I1vp-7qgAYMpAgWe_Q5RghCzpjU6bL3JzXUUK25agesyW4RFErpDYX5XbDeJ5fnzvTpIjZHLNjB_ZPKDRYIT-x3jpjvMtfNq_hywgtG6_rCBn9WZ7-iK_33p63cu2Fe3" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="432" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDZUlAbCv4GejBxWe6_x76-Cjo2HImePzbRf7NIGkaFULINfudjW1Q8if5I1vp-7qgAYMpAgWe_Q5RghCzpjU6bL3JzXUUK25agesyW4RFErpDYX5XbDeJ5fnzvTpIjZHLNjB_ZPKDRYIT-x3jpjvMtfNq_hywgtG6_rCBn9WZ7-iK_33p63cu2Fe3" width="160" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>Last year, during the pandemic, the hard copy of <i><a href="https://www.brianwaltersauthor.com/product-page/treason-the-book">Treason</a></i> was published here in Australia. </p><p>However, postage costs made it awkward to distribute this internationally. </p><p>This has now been sorted, and <i>Treason</i> is now available <a href="https://www.blurb.com/b/11276123-treason">internationally</a> through Blurb.</p><p>If you live in Australia, the Blurb version will not be cheaper, but anywhere else, it is.</p><p>Incidentally, I was very pleased with the endorsements given on the back cover!</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8I4XKry2t7zc1K1uHAsmRiuiSxTTwkdhF5ro4CP1xS4swfAmP3px52UBtovj6uPD4b97H77lOdIEduLlCue6I_Dtfj9AHRrCf20WaZ3F28RkSKyMgsB-3GfJK07J5DxJchLt0lE7jIsb1gnbipZ0b8UIzqlCk9_Tc9iT3OT7TPosj2m_ikqYERCZw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8I4XKry2t7zc1K1uHAsmRiuiSxTTwkdhF5ro4CP1xS4swfAmP3px52UBtovj6uPD4b97H77lOdIEduLlCue6I_Dtfj9AHRrCf20WaZ3F28RkSKyMgsB-3GfJK07J5DxJchLt0lE7jIsb1gnbipZ0b8UIzqlCk9_Tc9iT3OT7TPosj2m_ikqYERCZw=w480-h640" width="480" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-25086203422645968622022-08-23T18:09:00.004+10:002022-08-25T10:57:49.605+10:00Counterpoise<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi2roJbLad3vKV5WOcu6uqUG7Ku0wvSuLxxLnzJeVXKpqYrG6h0aE5jk76t2g3w0WlF2SY_owQXVoo0u8p9ms7JhYtvJlV4R-n4mgFVXo9a4h0VThLG7PBKfjzPTd4rPewJ_l1pIcE0BzdIp7IjecnnbMs7e7wgugKl4xd8VHnmr2LbPxVPEcFJyUj/s1013/cover-angelslikelaundry-720x1012_6px.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1013" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi2roJbLad3vKV5WOcu6uqUG7Ku0wvSuLxxLnzJeVXKpqYrG6h0aE5jk76t2g3w0WlF2SY_owQXVoo0u8p9ms7JhYtvJlV4R-n4mgFVXo9a4h0VThLG7PBKfjzPTd4rPewJ_l1pIcE0BzdIp7IjecnnbMs7e7wgugKl4xd8VHnmr2LbPxVPEcFJyUj/s320/cover-angelslikelaundry-720x1012_6px.png" width="227" /></a></div><br />This week's '<a href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/musicshow/trees-violin-wood-mark-ferguson-jazz-emus-myanmar-music/14021680?fbclid=IwAR3Cur3tHe3HNY9V4bTtkxeuPk8WWUm_aSLkzdSOKkxeIF6T4AcArKy6ei4">Music Show</a>', with Andrew Ford, on ABC's Radio National, opened with <a href="http://www.hughcrosthwaite.com">Hugh Crosthwaite</a>'s 'Counterpoise', a haunting work for solo violin.<p></p><p>The piece is played by <a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=366038121371848">Sarah Curro</a>, who is interviewed, along with her husband Paul Davies, a luthier, about the different qualities of violins. It's a fascinating interview.</p><p>Hugh's piece was inspired by my poem, also called 'Counterpoise', published in my first book of poems, <i><a href="https://www.brianwaltersauthor.com/product-page/angels-like-laundry">Angels, like laundry</a></i>.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 40px;">Counterpoise</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Behind, beside, before;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">once, nonce, hence – <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">time pools in the present<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">tense; deeps of now brim– <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">never to be reclaimed,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">ever flowing silently away.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Mulch, mushroom, messmate;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">foundation, footings, framework –<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">building begets spaces,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">earth cleaves to sky;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">light brings forth shadow,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">action yields to rest – <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">stone, plank, tile,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">myrtle, moss, manure.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Pulse, breath, blink;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">bone, flesh, hide –<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">inner engenders outer,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">launches soaring dreams;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">summer’s gold garnered for <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">fecund swelling fall – <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">pith, pulp, peel;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">never, nigh, next -<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">New grows old, old<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">gives way to new.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">On time’s curving arc, end-<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">ing is beginning –<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">former, forthwith, final:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">past, present, prospect,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">was, is, ever.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-13107813129746812362022-08-23T17:48:00.004+10:002022-08-23T18:17:55.418+10:00Mothlight<p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHiuOFf_KtW3gorYQJ1a7Zocu-MlTXchzTXknNcK1nKNOjOEY8EwT2pbonXXmjP3T8Fspk-3B8ZgKRfCkIya9GNRdA4iQp_gvZbrUR5AYxGJyeRHvAT9s_5Q96TxG5mwIupqIP5HODRjLL6ae3VC8D_Vv4WCSpvCI4tvxVBZ9QoEZq6GOYmupZdiMU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="778" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHiuOFf_KtW3gorYQJ1a7Zocu-MlTXchzTXknNcK1nKNOjOEY8EwT2pbonXXmjP3T8Fspk-3B8ZgKRfCkIya9GNRdA4iQp_gvZbrUR5AYxGJyeRHvAT9s_5Q96TxG5mwIupqIP5HODRjLL6ae3VC8D_Vv4WCSpvCI4tvxVBZ9QoEZq6GOYmupZdiMU=w257-h364" width="257" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">My third book of poems, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="about://"><span style="color: blue;">Mothlight</span></a></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">, has now been published.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mike Vernon has done a wonderful job with the photographs through the book, making it a beautiful production.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Here are some things that others have said about it – for which I am very grateful:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>In 'Mothlight', Brian Walters reveres both the natural world and the power of the clear poetic line. One poem at a time, he edges us closer to seeing, to captivation, to wild play, to progress. At a time of renewed environmental awareness, this collection invites the reader to do the only thing that is left for us to do – a gentle moving through the world.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">– <a href="https://www.amandaanastasipoetry.com">Amanda Anastasi</a>, poet</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>I love these poems, the surprise of them, the wideness and range of vision, the delicate precision of the lens shifting from the personal, the heart, to the glory of the world. The exultation and celebration of the natural world is a constant and marvellous echo of Hardy. There is too, a similar humane heart.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">– <a href="https://www.textpublishing.com.au/authors/helenelliott">Helen Elliott</a>, literary critic and writer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>A Brian Walters poem is a walk in fair weather and good company in the high country in winter; it is an act of kindness and courage you wish had been your own. His voice is a forest of Old Testament timbers—the Cedars of Lebanon transposed well south and reborn as a sclerophyll woodland. His lines are an elegant eucalypt elegy, a vote of thanks, a currawong choir.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>– <span> <span> </span></span><a href="https://www.marktredinnick.com">Mark Tredinnick</a>, poet<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">I will be reading my poems at the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/poeticas/">Poeticas</a> gig, 2 pm this Saturday 27 August 2022 at the Northern Arts Hotel – 359 Barker Street Castlemaine. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">It would be great to see you there!</span></p>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-73888051521984493302022-08-18T17:50:00.001+10:002022-08-18T21:00:34.489+10:00 I was banned by Facebook<p><b style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxiga60j1AlSH5dbhCHlnpU8YyHmt1XhyG8_Uc0FMxr2GOB10CF_Dniv_hxOAmJIu-ZbXwl_gsQ9XJjqZDR3A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br />On 20 August 1944, Count Schwerin von Schwanenberg was brought before the Nazi ‘People’s Court’, charged with treason. He was unshaven and wore no tie. Prominent in the July plot against the Nazi regime, he knew he was about to hang. <div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">When Nazi judge Roland Freisler angled for an apology, Schwerin would not be cowed, but spoke out about the ‘many murders’ of the Nazi regime ‘at home and abroad’ – drawing Freisler’s apoplectic ire. Hoping they would obtain useful propaganda footage, the Nazis filmed this exchange, and the film has survived – a powerful example of a person speaking truth to power.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">I posted this clip on Facebook, with some background information, as part of a regular series of posts promoting my book <a href="https://www.brianwaltersauthor.com/product-page/treason-the-book"><i>Treason</i></a>, which recounts the German resistance to Hitler.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">I have posted the clip a few times before. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This time I received a notification from Facebook that my post was blocked, because it violated Facebook’s community standards. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">I was plunged into the Kafkaesque realm of Facebook’s processes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The notification stated ‘this is because you previously posted material that violated Facebook’s community standards’. The previous week, Facebook had notified me of such a breach, but when I asked for a review, they overturned this and apologised for getting it wrong. According to Facebook’s retraction, there was no previous breach. But there was no way for me to point out this mistake to Facebook.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The notification set out Facebook’s standards – all laudable – but did not say which standard was breached, nor how. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Despite failing to specify what was wrong, Facebook required me to select from a menu my reason for saying that the post should not be blocked. This is like someone on trial being told to defend themselves when they are not told the charge.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Despite this absurdity, I asked for a review and marked the option ‘The post does not violate Facebook’s community standards’.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Facebook then advised that they try to have a person review the decision, but could not guarantee this, because of staff shortages due to Covid. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Really? There are plenty of people they could hire to do this task, even during Covid. It’s a task that could readily be performed online. The excuse was specious.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Having asked for a review, I received a prompt response. Facebook had reviewed the post (evidently by its algorithms, not by a person, who would scarcely have had time to watch the video clip and read the post). Facebook stated that they had reviewed the post and confirmed that the post violated Facebook’s community standards. Again, they did not say why.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">One thing is clear: Facebook’s algorithms are incapable of distinguishing an anti-Nazi post from a Nazi post.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Facebook then asked me whether the communication from them had been helpful. When I marked that it had not, they thanked me and said they used responses to improve their service.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Facebook notified me that there was a right of appeal to Facebook’s ‘Oversight Board’. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This ‘right’ of appeal is illusory. According to Facebook’s own figures, in 2021, the Oversight Board received over a million appeals, but the Board published just 17 decisions, overturning Facebook 11 times. Opting for an appeal was like buying a lottery ticket.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Even though a waste of time in terms of reversing the decision, I decided to lodge an appeal anyway. When I tried to click on the link, nothing happened – just the wheel of death as the attempt to log in timed out. I did this several times. Even getting to the Oversight Board was blocked.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This was not the first time I’ve had trouble with Facebook’s ‘standards’, with the same opaque processes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Over several years I built up an earlier page promoting my book. I paid Facebook money to promote it, and the page grew to have over 11,000 followers. Then Facebook closed it down (and the linked Instagram feed), without any recourse, saying it violated their community standards, and again failing to say which standards, or how it breached them. Just before publication of my book, I lost all the investment of time and money made in building up this following.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">As I emailed Facebook (of course, there was no reply) the page <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">did </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">not violate Facebook’s published community standards. Nor does it violate community standards as any reasonable person would understand them. The content, dealing with the bravery of those who stood up to the Nazi regime, usually at the cost of their lives, is entirely in accordance with the highest community standards.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">It is important that the events of the Nazi regime, the mass murders which have given us the terms ‘genocide’ and ‘crimes against humanity’, are widely discussed and known. The efforts of those who struggled against that regime should also be part of our shared discourse.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">I can’t speak truth to Facebook, because they are not listening. Bizarrely, the business takes a perverse pride in its refusal to support its customers. Who knows how Facebook’s processes are intended to work – but it is clear that this platform is not a safe place to invest. It is only capable of dumbing down our shared discourse and, as a result, diminishing our community.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-14402839407921215382022-05-13T12:28:00.008+10:002022-05-14T09:59:17.714+10:00A Promise Broken, a Victory Lost: the scandal of Wombat Forest logging<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In the 1990s I was active in opposing the logging of the Wombat Forest.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In 1999, the Bracks government was elected, and in 2002 <a href="#">promised</a> to end that logging, this being one of the conditions of receiving Greens preferences at that year's election.</span></p><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">John Thwaites (the Deputy Premier) <a href="#">announced</a> the phasing out of the logging, with woodchipping ending immediately and final removal of sawlogs completed in 2006.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In 2019, during the <a href="#">VEAC</a> process, the Minister stated, in writing, that no sawlogs would be taken out of the Wombat.<br /><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In 2019, the Victorian government <a href="#">announced</a> that native forest logging would end in the State by 2030.<br /><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Last year, the premier, Dan Andrews, <a href="#">accepted, in part</a>, the VEAC recommendations, and promised a national park for the Wombat. <br /><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, there has now commenced, out of the blue, industrial scale logging in the very area proposed for the national park.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-9kYYnmwbDdCZ7OFH1ugPnshyPXaNXLPEDt2S6ufzE9UWp1AVu8pfSMBOpk6bHDyGk1tZnL6kn1fKmF8IaJj3pMOYKILTjNhCQXB5BmnW8DySBvPltTbJNaQ-M1zL_NpFeNvT1wYVjfbku2NU-6opc4cRVa1cP6OJhkGFUx1O5HN5GwwUtFwUj8L5/s2048/wombat%20logging.jpg" style="caret-color: rgb(5, 5, 5); color: #050505; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1241" data-original-width="2048" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-9kYYnmwbDdCZ7OFH1ugPnshyPXaNXLPEDt2S6ufzE9UWp1AVu8pfSMBOpk6bHDyGk1tZnL6kn1fKmF8IaJj3pMOYKILTjNhCQXB5BmnW8DySBvPltTbJNaQ-M1zL_NpFeNvT1wYVjfbku2NU-6opc4cRVa1cP6OJhkGFUx1O5HN5GwwUtFwUj8L5/w400-h243/wombat%20logging.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(5, 5, 5); color: #050505; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto"><br /></div></span>There are to be <a href="#">175 logging coupes</a>, so the undertaking is <a href="#">enormous</a>. One of the coupes will carve through the very point where John Thwaites made his announcement to the community.<br /><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The coupes extend into areas that were never allowed to be logged even in the dark days of the Kennett era – in particular riparian zones and Special Protection Zones for threatened wildlife.<br /><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The first coupe logged had greater gliders present – no buffer zone was left around their habitat. Instead of leaving the required 100 metre buffer zone, machinery was working next to a tree with a wedge tailed eagle nest. Entire creeks have been compromised by bulldozing through them, compacting soil and disrupting drainage.<br /><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Despite the spin, this is not a ’<a href="#">salvage</a>’ operation in any sense. VicForests is going in to get the large trees they were never allowed to take under the Kennett regime. <br /><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Numerous studies now show that:<br />1. <a href="#">logging of native forest increases fire risk</a>, as the resultant regrowth is drier, sparser, and more fire-prone;<br />2. <a href="#">logging of native forest reduces water yield</a> from that forest for the next 150 years, as regrowing trees take up water;<br />3. <a href="#">logging of native forest, particularly Victorian eucalypt forest, is one of the most carbon polluting activities humans undertake</a>, as it releases some 2000 tonnes of carbon per hectare.<br /><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The values that justified the dedication of this area as a national park are now being destroyed by VicForests.<br /><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">VicForests remains an ongoing source of scandal. The Courts have repeatedly held that it has <a href="#">breached the law </a>in its logging operations. It is now being <a href="#">investigated for spying on citizens</a>. From the destruction of our forest heritage it has <a href="#">not even been able to generate a profit</a>, let alone the kind of yield one would expect from so valuable a resource – assuming you valued it only for money.<br /><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Native forest logging employs very few people, and the favoured treatment this industry receives from government adversely impacts on the plantation sector by unfair competition that depresses prices. Plantations are already well able to supply all our needs from timber.<br /><br /></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Has the Andrews government lost control of its logging agency, or is this agency doing its bidding?</span></div></div>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-57402563648288545602021-11-15T22:03:00.002+11:002021-11-15T22:05:12.052+11:00The Best Books on the Plot to Kill Hitler<p> I was asked to compile this <a href="https://shepherd.com/best-books/plots-to-kill-hitler">list</a> on Shepherd.</p><p>See what you think.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zoW8Hz1wZ6Y/YZI-RjN4eMI/AAAAAAAAAzk/Hji4Uth7acYwCjjBIWY5LiflcXy_L1DUQCNcBGAsYHQ/s619/cover-treason-720x1012_6px_vhfwif.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="440" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zoW8Hz1wZ6Y/YZI-RjN4eMI/AAAAAAAAAzk/Hji4Uth7acYwCjjBIWY5LiflcXy_L1DUQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/cover-treason-720x1012_6px_vhfwif.webp" width="227" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-39294472719269421942021-11-02T15:52:00.002+11:002022-02-16T15:27:20.537+11:00Environmental values and the Rule of Law<p> </p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><a href="https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/olcdCMwG9xTV2KxRfw3CXk?domain=youtu.be">Address</a> to the AGM of the <a href="https://www.nela.org.au">National Environmental Law Association</a> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">13 October 2021</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MBHr4fG5E64/YYDDLe4Fb_I/AAAAAAAAAzU/meogmLvMg_8oiROvQBr7iy6rTaqGvUb-QCNcBGAsYHQ/s2048/EECAEC91-8574-4DD0-AD05-2AA584B2D4B4.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MBHr4fG5E64/YYDDLe4Fb_I/AAAAAAAAAzU/meogmLvMg_8oiROvQBr7iy6rTaqGvUb-QCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/EECAEC91-8574-4DD0-AD05-2AA584B2D4B4.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">At all levels of government, Australia has a range of statutes, regulations, by-laws, standards, codes of practice, principles, international treaties, and other laws designed to protect the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">A law without a practical remedy fails to serve its purpose. Such a law also brings disrepute on the law as an entity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">There are many practical obstacles to enforcing environmental laws in Australia. I want to give a few brief case studies.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Trail bikes<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Many years ago, my brother was bushwalking along the Alpine Walking Track on Mount Erica, part of the Alpine National Park.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">He was shocked to see trail bike riders illegally riding through the bush, churning up mud, and causing a great deal of damage.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">He took the trouble to go to Rawson police station to report the matter. The policeman there told him he would not do anything about it. He did not support the ban on recreational vehicles in the area, and would not enforce it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">There, in a microcosm, is the problem with many of our laws designed to protect the environment – they are useless if those charged with their enforcement will not do so.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Orange roughy<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M2wJs1WPv7E/YYDB1NRS2qI/AAAAAAAAAzM/zuEpwB08LrAvp0XmFacbVXP7c7vbcCrEQCNcBGAsYHQ/s383/OrangeRoughy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="383" height="147" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M2wJs1WPv7E/YYDB1NRS2qI/AAAAAAAAAzM/zuEpwB08LrAvp0XmFacbVXP7c7vbcCrEQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/OrangeRoughy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Orange roughy (<i>Hoplostethus atlanticus</i>) was first discovered in Tasmanian waters in the 1980s.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">It is an orangeish-red fish, reaching a length of almost half a metre. The skin is poisonous to humans and its oil is powerful enough to be used as a degreasing agent.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Orange roughy is a long-lived and slow growing species. They take 20 to 25 years to reach reproductive maturity. They live for 100 years or more – with good evidence of ages over 150 years. They are found at considerable depth – hundreds of metres to over a kilometre.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The meat of orange roughy survives freezing and packing particularly well, and there is strong demand throughout the world for this fish. It is often marketed as ‘sea perch’. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">After initial minor catches, orange roughy was first commercially fished off Tasmania in significant quantities in 1989.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The fish were taken in greatest quantities whilst spawning, and the major spawning site in Australian waters is located east of St Helen’s at an underwater feature known as the St Helen’s Hill. This is a 400-metre-high pinnacle – or ‘sea mount’ – rising from a depth of 1000 meters. The fish formed a continuous ring, or ‘donut’, around the mount while spawning.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">At times other than when they are aggregated for spawning over the winter months, orange roughy are sparsely spread over large areas of deeper waters off southern Australia. But when aggregated for spawning, orange roughy can be taken in large quantities in a very short time. When St Helen’s Hill was first fished, roughy were reported to enter nets at the rate of one tonne per second. It was a very lucrative species.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Because of the slow maturing rate and low reproduction rate of these fish, the stock will take an extremely long time to recover from overfishing. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The fisheries authorities set quotas designed to preserve the fish – the focus being on the fishing stock rather than preserving biodiversity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">However, within eight years, orange roughy was commercially extinct in Australian waters, and the fishery had collapsed – a pattern all too often repeated in Australia.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The reason for the loss of the orange roughy was systematic, fraudulent under-declaration of catch by fishing enterprises.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In the late 1990s and early 2000s I was involved in a series of cases prosecuting both companies and individual fishermen for false statements to the Commonwealth about their orange roughy catch, and conspiracy to defraud the Commonwealth.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">There were several convictions, and some jail sentences. <br /><i>· </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue;">Brinkman v Dix</span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> (No 2) [1999] TASSC 65<br /><br />The cases were complex, and it was due to the dedicated work of a team of police and solicitors that these results were achieved. The work included careful reconciliation of a variety of records, as well as, in some cases, covert filming of the unloading of the fishing catch.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Critical in the orange roughy prosecutions was the fact that after each fishing trip, the holder of a fishing licence was required to file returns as to their catch. Our legal system understands the significance of making false declarations and statements. <o:p></o:p></span></p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Requiring an active statement of this kind is very helpful for enforcement.<br /><br /></span><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Hill and Henderson</span></b></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">On Easter Sunday, 2015, there was no work being done on any logging coupe in East Gippsland.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">That day, Ed Hill and Joe Henderson entered a logging coupe, and conducted a detailed survey of logging operations. Their investigations soon showed that the contractors – under the control of the state-owned logging agency VicForests – had illegally logged protected rainforest. This was a crime.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Hill and Henderson prepared a careful report, documented with maps and photographs.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">They submitted their report to the Victorian Department of Environment Land Water and Planning – the appropriate body to enforce the law.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">DEWLP conducted its own investigation. They concluded that the rainforest had been subject to ‘unwarranted destruction’. They found that the destroyed forest area was large enough to meet the threshold of protection. They criticised the destruction of the rainforest trees – which had no merchantable value. There was no reason to destroy the rainforest.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">However, they did not prosecute or otherwise enforce the law, other than to suggest that VicForests review its own guidelines. They said that, despite their own finding that a crime had been committed, a court might entertain a reasonable doubt.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The story does not end there. The Department then prosecuted Hill and Henderson for illegally entering a ‘Timber Harvesting Safety Zone’ – even though this was on an Easter Sunday when no one was put at risk.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Not only was it left to the community to properly oversee and enforce the laws protecting rainforest, but when they tried to do so, the community members were themselves charged with illegally entering this forest.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">I travelled down to Orbost to represent these men. In the result the charges were dismissed, as there had not been proper compliance with the requirements to mark out the Safety Zone. This was a technical defence, of course, and as with so many such cases, the court was not able to deal with the substantive justice issues raised.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">But the sequence of events illustrates a pattern that is all too common – a public affirmation, by way of a law, that certain conduct was prohibited, but the private reality of one rule for those who seek to protect the environment, but another for those who are exploiting it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Bob Brown and Heritage Rivers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Back in 1997-8, I represented Bob Brown – then newly installed in the Senate – on a charge of obstructing lawful forest operations. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">There were no such operations being conducted at the time, and he did nothing to obstruct logging, but we were nevertheless able to show that the coupe which he attended was not a lawful forest operation, as it encroached some 100 metres into a zone protected under the <i>Heritage Rivers Act</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/1998/117.html?context=1;query=Dpp%20v%20brown;mask_path=au/cases/vic/VSC">DPP v Brown</a></span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> [1998] VSC 117<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Again, no action was taken to prosecute those who had breached this law. Rather, the State government passed retrospective legislation to validate the unlawful logging.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Litigation to restrain logging<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">There have now been several cases in which environment groups in Victoria have successfully (and in some cases, unsuccessfully) litigated to restrain VicForests – the Victorian government logging agency – from conducting unlawful logging operations. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2010/335.html?context=1;query=Environment%20East%20Gippsland%20Inc%20v%20VicForests;mask_path=au/cases/vic/VSC">Environment East Gippsland Inc v VicForests</a></span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> [2010] VSC 335, per Osborn J<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2020/10.html?context=1;query=Wildlife%20of%20the%20Central%20Highlands%20Inc%20v%20VicForests;mask_path=au/cases/vic/VSC">Wildlife of the Central Highlands Inc v VicForests</a> </span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif">[2020] VSC 10, per McMillan J<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><a href="https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/full/2021/2021fcafc0066">VicForests v Friends of Leadbeater’s Possum Inc</a> </span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif">[2021] FCAFC 66<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The first two cases resulted in VicForests being restrained from logging. On appeal in the third case, the Federal Court found that although the logging was non-compliant with the legal requirements, and this was likely to have a significant impact on protected species, the logging agency had an exemption from the EPBC Act by virtue of the Regional Forest Agreement.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The sequence of cases has demonstrated systemic inadequacy – almost wilful blindness – of flora and fauna surveys prior to logging, and then no system to enforce potential breaches where they are detected. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Victoria does have an Environment Protection Authority, but it is still left to community groups to take this difficult, expensive and of course risky litigation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><b><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif">EPBC Act<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">In 2015 and 16, Tiphanie Acreman and I represented the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre in EPBC litigation against the Tasmanian State Government over its plans to open Four Wheel Drive tracks through the protected Western Tasmanian Aboriginal Cultural Landscape – without approval from traditional owners and without seeking approval from the Federal Government under the <i>EPBC Act</i>. That litigation was, in the result, successful, and the proposal has this year been finally abandoned. I see Adam Beeson in the audience, and he was critical in this litigation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The relevant Tasmanian Minister had informed the Commonwealth of the proposed action, but also said it was not referring the matter to the Commonwealth, as it did not consider that the proposed action would have any impact on the values of the protected area. The Commonwealth – perhaps with an eye to its political fortunes in the relevant area – did nothing.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><a href="https://jade.io/article/448695">Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre Incorporated v Secretary, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (No 2)</a></span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><a href="https://jade.io/article/448695"> </a>[2016] FCA 168<o:p></o:p></span></h1><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nEA9R2wa-gU/YYDBZYCi68I/AAAAAAAAAzE/eqZWqGSMlkYYxvOpLEBpq-DQIm15Vp8IQCNcBGAsYHQ/s2048/68451A4F-2977-49C4-AABD-B890FD61193D.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nEA9R2wa-gU/YYDBZYCi68I/AAAAAAAAAzE/eqZWqGSMlkYYxvOpLEBpq-DQIm15Vp8IQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/68451A4F-2977-49C4-AABD-B890FD61193D.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Aboriginal midden used as a 4wd jump in the Western Tasmanian Aboriginal Cultural Landscape</div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Under the EPBC Act, the Commonwealth often imposes conditions on approval, but the enforcement of these conditions is sporadic and relies on a co-operative approach. This is quite inadequate where large sums of money are at stake and the temptations to cut corners are real. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Indeed, the <a href="https://epbcactreview.environment.gov.au/resources/final-report">Samuel review</a> into the <i>EPBC Act</i> found:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #313131;">The compliance and enforcement powers in the EPBC Act are outdated. Powers are restrictive and can only be applied in a piecemeal way across different parts of the Act due to the way it is constructed. The complexity of the legislation, impenetrable terminology and the infrequency with which many interact with the law, make both voluntary compliance and the pursuit of enforcement action difficult.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #313131;">Strong, independent compliance and enforcement is required<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #313131;">Independent compliance and enforcement functions that are not subject to actual or implied political direction are needed. The functions should be properly resourced and include a full toolkit of powers and systems.</span></i><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #313131;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">In these cases, in which environment groups undertake litigation to uphold the law, those groups are required, at great expense and personal risk, to go to court when it is usually the accepted role of the State to take action to enforce its laws.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">So community groups often find themselves opposed by the resources of government, applied not to uphold the law, but for political ends. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Where corporate interests are involved (as is usually the case), the corporate parties have the benefit of tax deductibility for their legal expenses, which is not true for community groups who are acting for the public good. In many cases, the risk of adverse costs orders means a real risk of office holders of these organisations losing homes and other assets. It is an extraordinary burden to impose on citizens.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The implicit model behind this is that the government sets out some broad aspirational principles, and then steps back to let those who might be referred to as ‘stakeholders’ fight it out. There is no level playing field: this is stacked in favour of those with the resources to litigate, and with the right political support.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">But if that is the model, do our environmental laws really amount to laws as most people would understand them?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">It is not enough for governments to espouse environmental values in legislation without establishing its own mechanisms to enforce those laws.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">We have a systemic problem, at both State and Federal level, in which powerful interests are able to circumvent environmental laws, and governments have not put in place adequate independent means of enforcing the laws they have enacted.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The Rule of Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The rule of law is one of the fundamental tenets of liberal democracy. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Australia’s traditions as a democracy depend upon our adherence to the rule of law.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The rule of law doesn’t just mean having laws and requiring people to obey them – even tyrants have laws. Nazi Germany had laws – and a lot of them - but no one would argue that it was a society subject to the rule of law. The rule of law operates as a check on the arbitrary exercise of power. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The rule of law is not about ever harsher laws to reinforce power, but the independent oversight of the exercise of power. Governments and corporations, like citizens, must be accountable under the law. The law must be clear, well-known and applied without fear or favour. Justice must be timely, efficient and independent.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Having laws to protect the environment that are only sporadically and unevenly enforced undermines not only the environment, but also, I would argue, the rule of law and our democratic traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">We should be astute to ensure – at all levels of government – that laws to protect the environment do not merely espouse values in a general way, but have specific enforcement mechanisms that give them teeth.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Protecting the environment is too important for us to accept anything less.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-46658077658718077022019-08-06T08:53:00.001+10:002019-08-06T20:35:55.278+10:00Angels, like laundryIt was a privilege to have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tredinnick">Mark Tredinnick</a> launch my interactive poetry book, '<a href="https://books.apple.com/au/book/angels-like-laundry/id1450593817">Angels, like laundry</a>'.<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 40px;">Broken Watch<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The small child picks up her father’s watch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">and treasures this talisman of one she loves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">She plays with it, imagining herself like him<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">wearing a big watch in the wide world<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">then drops it,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">smashing the face<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">into fragments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Heart stopped<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">at what she has done<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">she turns to receive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">her judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">And I react with anger -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">destroying her dreams of wearing watches <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">in the wide world<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">as I make<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">the fragile face turned towards me <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">shatter into shards of tears.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">I pick up the broken watch -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cochin"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">and hope there is still time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-10496407488619860132018-05-11T21:27:00.000+10:002018-05-12T10:26:46.374+10:00New Matilda response<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
The following article has now been published in <i>New Matilda</i>. </div>
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Cate Faehrmann</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Michael Brull spits the dummy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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In the middle of an internal Greens preselection, Michael Brull, a Greens member, has written for <i>New Matilda </i>a series of articles attacking a candidate – Cate Faehrmann. <o:p></o:p></div>
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As he must know, candidates for preselection are not permitted to speak to journalists, and therefore have no right of reply. It is an archetypal act of cowardice to attack a person who is unable to defend herself.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Brull bases his farrago on a bizarre series of falsehoods. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The articles arise from proceedings in the Supreme Court of New South Wales seeking an urgent interpretation of the NSW Greens constitution. The case is <a href="https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/5abc62aee4b074a7c6e1dceb">reported</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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On 5 February 2018, Cate Faehrmann transferred her Victorian Greens membership to New South Wales. She wanted to stand for preselection for the Legislative Council.<o:p></o:p></div>
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She was a paid up member of the Greens in Victoria. She had previously been a member of the Greens in NSW and served there as a Greens Legislative Councillor from 2010 to 2013.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Astonishingly, Alex van Vucht, the membership officer of the Greens in NSW, treated Cate Faehrmann’s transferred membership as merely provisional for three months, thus denying her the right to nominate for preselection before the close of nominations on 9 April 2018.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This was contrary to the constitution of the NSW Greens and the constitution of the Australian Greens.<o:p></o:p></div>
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To break the impasse, Cate Faehrmann sought legal advice. <o:p></o:p></div>
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I was one of those who advised, in a written advice provided to the Greens NSW, that there was no basis for treating her membership as provisional. Similar advice was rendered by a senior solicitor in New South Wales. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Neither the membership officer nor the Greens NSW obtained any contrary advice.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ultimately, Cate Faehrmann sought a ruling on the correct interpretation of the constitution from the NSW Supreme Court (I was not involved in that proceeding). The court ruled comprehensively in her favour.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Mr Brull repeatedly asserts that Cate Faehrmann was attempting to change the constitution. That is patently false. Cate Faehrmann was seeking to have the terms of the constitution obeyed. That was the whole point of the advice and of the subsequent legal proceeding.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The matter was taken to the Greens NSW State Delegates Council (‘SDC’). Mr Brull writes that the SDC was ‘was able to have a say about whether the rules should be changed. The membership declined to do so.’ This is not true. There was no decision to ‘decline’ to have a say, and nor was there any question of changing the rules. Rather, the position was that the issue of interpreting the constitution was deadlocked, and no decision was forthcoming.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As Hon Justice Ward, Chief Equity Judge of the NSW Supreme Court, put it to counsel for the NSW Greens:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>There was no decision. So if there's no decision, what does somebody do? If a dispute is to be resolved by the delegates council and the delegates council is unable to resolve it, they're just left in limbo, are they?<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Mr Brull goes on to assert about this process that ‘Greens processes had been followed and Faehrmann had lost’. This is a blatant reinvention of history. As Justice Ward’s judgment states:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>there was ultimately no determination by the SDC as to the proper Interpretation of the constitution. The SDC neither resolved to determine in favour of the construction put forward by Ms Faehrmann nor resolved to determine in favour of the construction put forward by the Membership Officer.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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And<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i><span style="color: #263238;">Leaving aside the question whether members of The Greens NSW would be bound by an incorrect interpretation of the constitution were that to be adopted by the SDC, the fact is that the dispute as to the interpretation of the constitution on the issue in question has not been able to be determined by resolution of the SDC. </span></i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Mr Brull’s narrative is one of hardworking party members following process and Cate Faehrmann blindly taking the party to court to pursue her own selfish agenda. Brull implies that Cate Faehrmann was seeking an ‘exception’ to the rules and asking office bearers to ‘bend the rules’. He<span style="background-color: white; color: #2e2e2e;"> writes ‘people who determine the rules – the officer bearers – are not supposed to have the autonomy to make exceptions, to help people out if they’re well-connected or prominent.’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2e2e2e;">Cate Faehrmann was not seeking an exception to the rules, rather the correct application of them. </span>It is of course wrong for office bearers to bend the rules to prevent a legitimate candidate from running. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Brull criticises Cate Faehrmann for not trying mediation. Why should she, especially when she faced an urgent deadline? She had already handed over legal advice. The office bearers had made no attempt to obtain any contrary advice, but rather maintained a bull-headed persistence in abusing the constitution. As Justice Ward put it:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>it is difficult to see what scope there would have been for a mediated resolution of the dispute in the present case. You either agree that the rules allow for Greens members to transfer from another state as full members or not.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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In the Supreme Court proceedings, lawyers for the Greens NSW (presumably on instructions), perhaps desperate to avoid the obvious wording of the constitution, tried to rely not on the published version of the constitution, but rather on a version of the constitution that sat with Fair Trading and was last updated in 2002. The judge rejected this attempt, but said that the relevant provisions were not materially different anyway, and the same result would have come from the older document.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Office bearers of the Greens NSW went to great lengths to stop Cate Faehrmann from running for preselection, risking the party’s reputation and finances in the courts. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Brull’s attack looks like a last desperate attempt of the NSW old guard to protect its patch. It is a nasty coda to very poor behaviour by NSW Greens office bearers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hopefully, at some time in the future, Cate Faehrmann will have an opportunity to comprehensively respond.<o:p></o:p></div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-82093782360183590032018-03-30T15:29:00.001+11:002018-03-30T15:49:10.540+11:00The Beacon at Uluru<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f91umKNca1w/Wr27r-V1nMI/AAAAAAAAApo/9QGJ32RdpUgyz2s1rPnYvu8hZHhHiUgcwCLcBGAs/s1600/constitutional-recognition-uluru-statement-protest.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="210" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f91umKNca1w/Wr27r-V1nMI/AAAAAAAAApo/9QGJ32RdpUgyz2s1rPnYvu8hZHhHiUgcwCLcBGAs/s400/constitutional-recognition-uluru-statement-protest.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s25.html">Section 25</a> of the Australian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i> provides, to this day:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provision
as to races disqualified from voting</span></i></b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">For the purposes of the last section, if by the law of
any State all persons of any race are disqualified from voting at elections for
the more numerous House of the Parliament of the State, then, in reckoning the
number of the people of the State or of the Commonwealth, persons of that race
resident in that State shall not be counted.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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In other words, a State can, under the Constitution, disqualify
an entire race from voting, and the members of that race will not be included
in the quota for representation of that State in the Commonwealth parliament.<o:p></o:p></div>
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You only have to read the Constitution to realise how deeply
racist it remains. This represents important unfinished business for Australia.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Our Constitution is the founding document of our nation.
Some of its contents may be symbolic, but it is no less important as a
cornerstone of our polity for that: symbols matter. Much of its contents have real practical consequences.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We, the community governed by the Constitution, have the
right to change it so that it reflects our values. It can be amended by a
majority of voters in a majority of States.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In thinking about our Constitution, it is good to consider the type of Australia we want to see in the future.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It is imperative that Australia becomes a republic, so that
we are, at least in our forms of government, independent from other nations. It
makes no sense to have our head of state a person from a foreign country who
attains that office by inheritance.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pressing though a republic is, it ought not to be
accomplished without a just settlement with the First Australians. That must
have priority.<o:p></o:p></div>
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After a lengthy and consultative process, the Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander peoples have spoken. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In their <a href="https://www.referendumcouncil.org.au/sites/default/files/2017-05/Uluru_Statement_From_The_Heart_0.PDF">Uluru Statement from the Heart</a>, the outcome of the 2017 National
Constitutional Convention, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples make a
simple request that all Australians should endorse:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">We seek constitutional reforms to empower our people
and take </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanps" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a
</span></i><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanps" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">rightful place<i> </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">in our own country. When we have power
over our destiny our children will flourish. They will walk in two worlds and
their culture will be a gift to their country. </span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">We call for the establishment of a First Nations Voice
enshrined in the Constitution. </span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Makarrata is the culmination of our agenda: </span></i><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanps" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the coming together after a struggle<i>. </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It captures
our aspirations for a fair and truthful relationship with the people of
Australia and a better future for our children based on justice and
self-determination. </span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">We seek a Makarrata Commission to supervise a process
of agreement-making between governments and First Nations and truth-telling
about our history. </span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">In 1967 we were counted, in 2017 we seek to be heard.
We leave base camp and start our trek across this vast country. We invite you
to walk with us in a movement of the Australian people for a better future. </span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
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The Prime Minister of Australia, Malcolm Turnbull, after
cabinet consideration of the Uluru Statement, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/26/indigenous-voice-proposal-not-desirable-says-turnbull">dismissed</a> it
with the words: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #121212;">The government does not believe such an addition to our
national representative institutions is either desirable or capable of winning
acceptance in a referendum.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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He said that the voice to Parliament ‘would inevitably become
seen as a third chamber of parliament’ – but provided no justification for the
assertion. It is plainly wrong.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ironically, in the light of s 25 of the Constitution, quoted
above, and which allows the exclusion of entire races from voting, he <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/26/indigenous-voice-proposal-not-desirable-says-turnbull">said</a>:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #121212;">Our democracy is built on the foundation of all Australian
citizens having equal civic rights … a constitutionally enshrined additional
representative assembly for which </span></i><i><span style="background: white; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">only </span></i><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/indigenous-australians"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indigenous
Australians</span></a><span style="background: white;"> could</span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: #121212;">vote for or serve in is
inconsistent with this fundamental principle.</span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Yet another attempt to build reconciliation between First
Australians and those of us who have come after has been cast aside with casual
contempt.</div>
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Our Constitution badly needs an overhaul. The implementation
of the Uluru Statement should be the first priority.<o:p></o:p></div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-50949560643781641002018-02-25T17:24:00.000+11:002018-02-26T08:05:25.686+11:00A Violent Joke<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uJbynnL-TEs/WpJQHH3p8WI/AAAAAAAAAo8/Wv3FqffBd8EVgosU36CCrM_1eyViPFdOACLcBGAs/s1600/1519041935046.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="620" height="223" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uJbynnL-TEs/WpJQHH3p8WI/AAAAAAAAAo8/Wv3FqffBd8EVgosU36CCrM_1eyViPFdOACLcBGAs/s400/1519041935046.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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George Christensen's post</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Last week, George Christensen posted on Facebook a photograph of himself aiming a pistol, with the caption 'You gotta ask yourself, do you feel lucky, greenie punks?'</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was the day after a school massacre in Florida.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Christensen is the LNP MP for Dawson, in Queensland. He caucuses with the National Party.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Prime Minister described Christensen's post as 'very inappropriate'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Christensen <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-19/christensen-refuses-to-apologise-for-greenie-punks-gun-photo/9459856">refused to apologise</a>, describing the post as a 'joke'. It is not so clear that was the original intention.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He edited the caption to read 'You gotta ask yourself, do you have a sense of humour, greenie punks?' A short time later he deleted the post.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The post was referred to police. Queensland police quickly announced they would take no action. At the time of writing, the AFP are still considering the matter.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Following Christensen's post, Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young received an email, with the subject 'bullets' that read: 'Hopefully George has one left in the chamber to fire directly into your vagina you hysterical fucking cunt'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-khlX18GtjJA/WpJTfeRsP0I/AAAAAAAAApY/mrfJ6aWJrkkAdESJvBnTeuzW3axNtbWugCLcBGAs/s1600/shy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="960" height="266" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-khlX18GtjJA/WpJTfeRsP0I/AAAAAAAAApY/mrfJ6aWJrkkAdESJvBnTeuzW3axNtbWugCLcBGAs/s320/shy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">Christensen's post is no joke.</span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">Christensen's gun-pointing threat to 'greenie punks' comes in a context. There has been sustained and serious violence against Greens and environmental protesters over many years. Most has been perpetrated by the very people to whom Christensen appeals for votes.</span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">In March 1986, during the protests against the Farmhouse Creek logging in Tasmania, Bob Brown was walking down a bush road with conservationist Judy Richter and journalist Hugh Maclean. Shots rang out, evidently aimed at Bob. Maclean, with his Vietnam training, immediately dropped to the mud, leaving the other two standing in shock. Later the shooter was arrested. He was charged with discharging a firearm on a Sunday and fined $200.</span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NZ0MRQEBKWo/WpJQqQg06pI/AAAAAAAAApI/sBhJsWKWbAEjwSvecVG2Usaky8A8feCVgCLcBGAs/s1600/Bob%2BBrown%2Bmanhandled%2Bby%2Bforestry%2Bworkers%2Bat%2BFarmhouse%2BCreek%2B1986.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="933" data-original-width="700" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NZ0MRQEBKWo/WpJQqQg06pI/AAAAAAAAApI/sBhJsWKWbAEjwSvecVG2Usaky8A8feCVgCLcBGAs/s320/Bob%2BBrown%2Bmanhandled%2Bby%2Bforestry%2Bworkers%2Bat%2BFarmhouse%2BCreek%2B1986.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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Bob Brown manhandled by loggers at Farmhouse Creek in 1986. Later he was shot at.</div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">In January 1990 I was present in a conservationists' camp when two shots were fired in the bush close by. The perpetrator made off. Police in Orbost refused even to take a statement.</span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">In 1991 two cars belonging to conservationists were destroyed by gelignite in the East Picton forest of Tasmania.</span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">In the late 1990s an attempt was made to sabotage the aircraft of Vince Jones, the jazz singer. He lived near Buchan, and was vocal about logging. Steel wool was cut up and deposited in his light aircraft's fuel tank.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In December 1998 Adrian Whitehead was assaulted with an axe handle by a logger. He had been conducting a botanical survey at the time. Despite having an independent witness, the police refused to lay charges.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tXUHP3zYSWI/WpJQcxNthcI/AAAAAAAAApA/pvgB1jAcpPIOUF1GpGu2q6nLGK5e_mA_gCLcBGAs/s1600/img_adrian_whitehead_bloody_head.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="396" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tXUHP3zYSWI/WpJQcxNthcI/AAAAAAAAApA/pvgB1jAcpPIOUF1GpGu2q6nLGK5e_mA_gCLcBGAs/s320/img_adrian_whitehead_bloody_head.jpg" width="316" /></a></div>
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Adrian Whitehead after being bashed by a logger</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US">After midnight on 3 December 1998 </span>a group of loggers smashed up a campsite of conservationists in the Otways, yelled threats, and drove a vehicle into a tent occupied by two female conservationists who feared for their lives. One logger was subsequently charged and convicted in relation to this incident.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In December 1998 Peter Stienke (“Fisherman Pete”) was by himself minding a conservationists’ camp at </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goolengook" style="color: #6699cc; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-decoration: none;">Goolengook</a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> over Christmas. His car was found at the camp with the door open and food and drinks on the passenger seat. Despite a search by police, Fisherman Pete was never found and is missing, pre</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">sumed dead. He left a 14 year old son.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On 20 February 2000, some 40 to 50 loggers - some with their children - converged from Orbost and Bombala on a conservationists’ camp in the forest of East Gippsland. They trashed the camp and beat up a Canadian tourist who was there. A carload of conservationists drove up. The conservationists were violently attacked and the car reduced to a wreck. The loggers </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">caused severe injuries to two persons, and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">threatened to rape the women present.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Much of this was recorded on audio, and it makes chilling listening. The out of control ranting of the loggers, the smashing of iron bars against machinery and people – and the futile attempts of the conservationists to calm the loggers down.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some of the loggers were identified and later convicted.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On 2 April 2000 loggers wielding baseball bats and axe handles attacked a conservationists' camp at Middle Spur in the Otway Ranges. Police and ambulance were called. Some twenty conservationists were injured, five being hospitalised.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In October 2008 logging vigilantes <a href="https://greensmps.org.au/articles/vigilantes-firebomb-cars-tas-forest-protest">firebombed two cars</a> belonging to conservationists that were parked on the Strathgordon Road in the Upper Florentine Valley.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There is nothing funny about George Christensen's gunwielding antics against Greenies. Exhortations to violence – whether against greenies, blacks, women, Jews, gays, or any other group in society – are shameful. 'Jokes' like this give licence to those who are inclined to resort to violence, and there are too many of those already.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Political appeals based on violence have a way of spiralling into enormous harm.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I can only hope Christensen's gun-toting example will not lead to further violence against conservationists. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I very much fear it will.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">External links</span></b></span></div>
<ul style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.tasmaniantimes.com/index.php/article/violence-in-the-forest" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Violence in the forest</a> - Tasmanian Times</span></li>
</ul>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-52304253925743803802016-10-20T10:56:00.000+11:002016-10-21T22:12:22.274+11:00The Poetics of Country<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Poetics of Country: why looking after the land makes us whole</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NvA_eNde6Rc/WAgBMVV5MbI/AAAAAAAAAng/9xG5WpvcZyUW-DjjWI3vFCPwPGVNvMBiACLcB/s1600/4.-Azure-Kingfisher-Martin-Willis-daintree8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NvA_eNde6Rc/WAgBMVV5MbI/AAAAAAAAAng/9xG5WpvcZyUW-DjjWI3vFCPwPGVNvMBiACLcB/s400/4.-Azure-Kingfisher-Martin-Willis-daintree8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">address to the Upper Campaspe Landcare Network</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">16 October 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Yesterday
I read with sadness, almost despair, an <a href="http://www.theleader.com.au/story/4231159/photos-authorities-act-over-destruction-of-ospreys-nest-by-jet-skis/">article</a> that didn’t make the headlines.
Something many people might think fairly minor. On a navigation beacon in the
Georges River in New South Wales a pair of ospreys had made their nest of
sticks – quite rare for them to nest so far south. On Friday there had been a
small article in the local paper celebrating this new nest. Over three days
from then, jet skiers deliberately targeted the ospreys. They repeatedly sped
close to the nest, sending up rooster tails of water that, over days, knocked
the nest to pieces. All this was photographed. Each day the exhausted osprey
pair frantically tried to rebuild, able to carry only smaller and smaller
sticks, but the jet skis returned, until the birds gave up, their chicks lost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There
is something generationally sad about this. We have so much. We are possibly
the richest people in history. And yet there are those among us who obtain
amusement from this activity. Police are investigating and there may be a
prosecution, but should we not see this as a sign that our culture needs
healing?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">You
already care enough about country to work for it, and even to make the
sacrifice of coming out in the evening to hear it talked about. Each one of you
might have more knowledge to offer about our land than I can offer. I know
Sandy has worked for years to protect the owls in the Trentham forest. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">What
you do in caring for our land is important for many reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It
heals the earth in a way that will hand on to posterity this legacy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It
preserves something beautiful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It
aids with conserving and purifying water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It
reduces the risk of fire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It
preserves our wild birds and animals, and natural ecosystems - maintaining the
web of life of which we are a part and on which we depend.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">These
are all good reasons for doing land care. But sometimes it’s worth asking: do <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">we</b> get anything from this?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After
all, often there is little financial benefit to us from these activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tonight
I don’t want to talk about the environmental problems we face, or discuss political
solutions. You will probably already know a good deal about both.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">But
I thought this might be an occasion to think about what our relationship with
nature gives us as individuals and as a culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">We
could spend our short time this evening discussing great Australian art works
responding to nature – Eugene von Guerard, Louis Buvelot, the Heidelberg
school, Russell Drysdale, Clifton Pugh, Fred Williams, Lloyd Rees, John Olsen -
to say nothing of our Indigenous art tradition that celebrates the land. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">We
could look at our great tradition of wilderness photography – we have an
exponent here. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Or
film. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Or
even music – I was privileged to attend the premiere a few months ago of <a href="http://www.hughcrosthwaite.com/">Hugh Crosthwaite</a>’s wonderful piano concerto ‘Mountain Ash’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">All
of these responses have much to teach us about the natural world and our place
in it, and about the richness it can bring to our lives and our community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">But
tonight I want to look very briefly at poetry, and consider our Australian
poetry of place in an international context. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Poems
are not going to change the world, perhaps. But as the great US poet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams">William Carlos Williams</a> (who was also a family doctor) put it in his poem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asphodel, that Greeny Flower</i>:</span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">It
is difficult</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">to
get news from poems<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> yet men die miserably every day<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> for lack<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">of
what is found there.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When
you are struggling through bureaucracy to get some support, or in gumboots
trying to clear weeds from a creekbank, or getting your hands dirty planting
trees, you might sometimes wonder whether all this is worth it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">First
of all, what is the alternative?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
sorrow of losing nature is something any sensitive person will be alive to. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In
1879, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller">Baron von Mueller</a>, the naturalist and great explorer of Victoria, with a
very 19<sup>th</sup> century view of the natural world, wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;">On a feeling and sensitive mind a
demolished forest impresses unmingled sadness, whereas its primeval grandeur
must inspire anyone with immeasurable delight who is susceptible to the
beauties of nature… let us regard the forests as a gift, entrusted to any of us
only for transient care to be surrendered to posterity as an unimpaired
property, increased in riches and augmented with blessings, to pass on as a
sacred patrimony from generation to generation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">That
same year, in Britain, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins">Gerard Manley Hopkins</a> wrote these words:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">BINSEY POPLARS<o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Felled 1879<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My aspens dear, whose airy cages quelled,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Quelled or quenched in leaves the leaping sun,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">All felled, felled, are all felled;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Of a fresh and following folded rank<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Not spared, not one<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">O if we but knew what we do<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When we delve and hew –<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hack and rack the growing green!<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nature
also produces deep inspiration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Listen
to the way <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1973/white-bio.html">Patrick White</a> writes of the relationship between people and nature.
His profound novel, <i>The Tree of Man</i>, is about a good man, and follows
him through his life. The novel is in the dense prose that White uses – really
extended poetry. At the end of the novel the good man, Stan Parker, dies, and
these words are written<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the end there are the trees. These still stand in a gully on a piece
of poor land that nobody wants to use. There is an ugly mass of scrub full of
whips and open secrets. But there are the trees, quite a number of them that
have survived the axe, smooth ones, a sculpture of trees. On still mornings
after frost these stand streaming with light and moisture, the white and the
ashen, and some the colour of flesh.</span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[Then Patrick White describes the man’s grandson
coming down to the trees on the day of the funeral. And the boy thinks of the
poem he will write. And the poem is beautiful. And the boy is, perhaps, Patrick
White himself, who has all this time been writing of his own grandfather. He
concludes:]</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">So that in the end there were the trees. The boy walking through them
with his head drooping as he increased in stature. Putting out green shoots of
thought. So that, in the end, there was no end.</span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Being
in touch with nature is a way of being in touch with ourselves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There
are many spiritual traditions which reflect this truth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the Judaeo-Christian tradition, the Lord God fashioned mankind from
the dust of the Earth. In many ancient cultures, the Earth is given the
embodiment of a mother. These are profound insights into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">who we are</b> as human beings: the Earth is part of who we are, and
the connection is something from which we cannot escape without doing violence
to ourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mother Earth: we could not conceive of owning our mother. It is only
because of a distorted relationship with the Earth that we have legal
structures permitting ownership of land. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To do violence to one’s mother is an ethical offence – and hence, for
most of human existence, doing violence to the Earth Mother has been seen this
way. But today doing violence to the Earth is just good business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In Ecuador and Bolivia, drawing on the indigenous concept of mother
nature, or Pachamama, the law now recognises the rights of nature, and allows
anyone to approach the courts on behalf of natural ecosystems. Other countries
are preparing to follow these examples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All too o</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ften, we do not see the
Earth as our Mother, but as some fantastic cyber babe - ours to exploit without
any real relationship. Just as a distorted relationship with our parents can
hold us back all our lives, so a wrong relationship with nature is likely to
distort and cramp our existence.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In 1900, in California, an anthropologist transcribed and
translated the prayer of a Yokuts </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Shaman:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">My
words are tied in one<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">With
the great mountains<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">With
the great rocks<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">With
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">the great trees<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">In
one with my body<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">And
my heart</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Being connected to the earth is a
profound source of inspiration and refreshment. Some of us obtain this from
gardening, or bushwalking – or working for Landcare.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The natural world can help us
connect with something deep and good inside ourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In
the north west of the United States, there are extensive conifer forests. For
the indigenous peoples of this area, before the advent of roads, rail and
lumbermen, knowing how to relate to this vast wild place was a matter of life
and death.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Listen
to <a href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/david-wagoner">David Wagoner</a>’s poem, which is the advice of an indigenous elder to a young
initiate about what to do when lost in the forest:</span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">LOST</span></i> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Stand still. The trees
ahead and the bushes beside you<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Are not lost. Wherever you
are is called Here,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">And you must treat it as a
powerful stranger,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Must ask permission to know
it and be known.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The forest breathes.
Listen. It answers,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">I have made this place
around you.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">If you leave it, you may
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">No two branches are the
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">You are surely lost. Stand
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Where you are. You must let
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Being
in touch with the natural world is a good way of being very real with
ourselves. As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> put it, in describing his decision to make
his home in the woods at Walden:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I went to the woods because I wished to live
deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not
learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had
not lived. </span></i></blockquote>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Spending
time in the natural world, relating to country, is a way of completing
ourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There
is, of course, a long tradition of finding inspiration from nature, from the
Bible, to the great Romantic poets – Wordsworth, Keats – through the
transcendentalist poets of the US – Whitman, Emerson, Dickinson – to say
nothing of Rumi and Hafiz from the Persian traditions, and the Indian, Chinese
and Japanese traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here
in Australia, we do have indigenous poetic traditions of land – including in
the Songlines - and we have some access to them in the striking musicality of
Indigenous place names:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wandiligong. Murrumbidgee. Patchewollock.
Maribyrnong. Kooyong. Yarrawonga. Corryong. Gannawarra.</span></i></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I
thought I should read one of my own poems, and here it is.</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">here it is forbidden to go<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">here where firm ground is
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">under rotted logs and
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">here where the river’s
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">with neither road nor path
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">the secret font of our
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">which we know only from its
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">drinking deep and rinsing
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">beyond the cold that aches
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">here where we are afraid to
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">where each step nearer
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">here where we would not go<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">in the stillness<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">from which all things move
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">all nourishment arises<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">here
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<!--EndFragment--></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I
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in New South Wales. I want to return to the theme of birds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
great Australian poet of place today is the Sydney poet <a href="http://www.marktredinnick.com.au/">Mark Tredinnick</a>. There
are several of his poems that might warrant reading this evening, and I had
considerable and enjoyable trouble choosing, but I want to offer two poems,
both about kingfishers,</span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Catching Fire; or, The Art
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Mid-afternoon, I look up
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Nothing, immaculately,
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">They drop, she flies: the
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">To sit so still and to
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a famished thought, my mind become a world.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When in 2011 Mark Tredinnick won the world's most prestigious poetry prize for a single poem - the Montreal Poetry Prize - his poem 'The Kingfisher' was also short-listed:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">the unresolved cadence of your second self.</span></i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The land and the web
of life it supports is important in itself, and important to who we are. I want to finish
with a poem some of you may know. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Oliver">Mary Oliver</a> is one of the most prominent US
poets today, and much of her poetry concerns our relationship with nature. This
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Wild Geese<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">You do not have to be good.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">You do not have to walk on
your knees <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">for a hundred miles
through the desert, repenting.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">You only have to let the
soft animal of your body <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">love what it loves.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Tell me about despair,
yours, and I will tell you mine.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Meanwhile the world goes
on.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Meanwhile the sun and the
clear pebbles of the rain<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">are moving across the
landscapes,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">over the prairies and the
deep trees,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">the mountains and the
rivers.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Meanwhile the wild geese,
high in the clean blue air,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">are heading home again.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Whoever you are, no matter
how lonely,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">the world offers itself to
your imagination,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">calls to you like the wild
geese, harsh and exciting -<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">over and over announcing
your place<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">in the family of things.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--></blockquote>
</div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-68289562170013168212015-10-02T11:06:00.003+10:002015-10-02T18:57:28.450+10:00Environmental Economics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Mapb9O9VMbQ/Vg3Ud-KUF2I/AAAAAAAAAnE/bcfCGUMTyqM/s1600/206ef37acbb728ef10cd8d458b953a8c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Mapb9O9VMbQ/Vg3Ud-KUF2I/AAAAAAAAAnE/bcfCGUMTyqM/s400/206ef37acbb728ef10cd8d458b953a8c.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">photograph by the late Ern Mainka</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Lecture to the RMIT School of Global, Urban
and Social Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">31 March 2015</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The different aspects of reality<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">Let
us imagine we have with us in the lecture theatre a tree. Let’s make it a
special tree.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">Perhaps
the rarest eucalypt is </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.windellama.com.au/newsletter/December_2008/Pages21-30December08.pdf"><i><span style="color: #285287; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Eucalyptus recurva</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"> - discovered in the 1980s and also
known as the Ice Age Gum or the Mongarlowe Mallee. It is a mallee, with many
stems sprouting from a single lignotuber (underground root ball).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">The
species is known from only four sites on the southern tablelands of NSW - three
of the sites having just a single individual, and the other having
two. Some of these five individuals are genetically identical.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">The
oldest of these plants, near Windellama, south east of Goulburn, is considered
to be 13,000 years old and a relic of the ice age. It is probably the oldest tree
on Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">Because
of the tree’s extreme rarity, the exact locations of each known specimen is a
closely guarded secret - although all are on private property.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">There are
different ways of appreciating this tree. A physicist might be able to tell us
(although it would be hard) all the atoms and compounds which make up this
tree. A logger might be able to estimate the precise wood volume it would
yield, and an economist the value of that timber. A poet or artist might see in
the tree inspiration for art works. A botanist will be able to tell us some of
the things I’ve already mentioned – the species of the tree, and what is unique
about it. A zoologist to tell us what animals shelter in the tree, and perhaps
something of the relationship between animal life and the tree. The tree might
be a special meeting place – with a particular social importance. It might have
legal significance, and a lawyer can tell you what the rules are that protect
it. Or it might be in a water catchment, and have an important role in the
production of clean water – something the hydrologist can tell us about. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Each of these
perspectives is valid, but the reality of the tree cannot be reduced to any one
of them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">If we try to
reduce reality to one of its aspects, we lose a great deal. So a Freudian will
have a particular take on human relationships, but it would be a distortion to
think this is all there is. A behaviourist – same thing. A Marxist will see
things in terms of the relationship between the factors of production and the
production process, and this is a valuable insight – but it is only one aspect
of reality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.barrylopez.com/">Barry Lopez</a>, the
great nature writer, wrote this about our appreciation of land:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Whatever evaluation we finally make of a stretch of
land, however, no matter how profound or accurate, we will find it inadequate.
The land retains an identity of its own, still deeper and more subtle than we
can know. Our obligation toward it then becomes simple: to approach with an
uncalculating mind, with an attitude of regard. To try to sense the range and
variety of its expression— its weather and colors and animals. To intend from
the beginning to preserve some of the mystery within it as a kind of wisdom to
be experienced, not questioned. And to be alert for its openings, for that
moment when something sacred reveals itself within the mundane, and you know
the land knows you are there.</span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- Barry Lopez <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arctic Dreams<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Today we see the
economic aspect of life dominant in discourse. The slightest change in economic
indicators – the sharemarket level, the unemployment level, the inflation rate,
the value of the dollar - is the subject of news.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">According to the
<a href="http://www.aasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Current-standards.aspx">Australian Accounting Standards</a> ‘fair value’ is:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">… the price that would be received
to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction
between market participants at the measurement date. </span></i></b></blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond; mso-fareast-font-family: AGaramond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">AASB
Standard ‘Fair Value Measurement’ September 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">But how do we
value our tree under that standard, when it is not allowed to be bought or
sold?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Let’s focus this
further. According to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/ltobjst9.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/4123EAD49F0C2859CA257E96002087AF/$FILE/75-8699aa105%20authorised.PDF">Wildlife Act</a></i>
1975 (Vic):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">45 Acquiring etc. threatened
wildlife </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">(1) A person must not buy, sell, acquire,
receive, dispose of, keep, possess, control, breed, process, display, take
samples from or experiment on threatened wildlife. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Penalty: 240 penalty units or 24 months
imprisonment or both the fine and imprisonment and an additional penalty of 20
penalty units for every head of wildlife in respect of which an offence has
been committed. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Since it is an
offence to buy or sell threatened wildlife, it must follow that the price for
such wildlife in the fair market would be nil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Therefore,
according to Australian accounting standards, protected wildlife has no value
at all. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Yet many people
in the community would regard it as having a value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">We are here
meeting two different ways of viewing the value of something in the world. How
is that language divide to be bridged?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The Courts<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">We have a
Westminster system of government in Australia. Under this system, government is
divided into three arms – parliament, executive and judiciary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The judicial arm
of the government comprises the courts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Under the
doctrine of separation of powers, the three powers are the legislative power to
make laws; the executive power to carry out and enforce the laws; and the
judicial power to interpret laws and to judge whether they apply in individual
cases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">In the paper
included in the course work, I have included a number of case studies of the
judicial process being used to silence community groups. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">There are also
examples of the courts being used to make important advances in the law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Mabo<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">In 1992 the High
Court delivered judgment in the <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1992/23.html">Mabo case</a>. This was a landmark decision which
recognized native title. The court found, contrary to previous decisions of
lower courts, that native title existed, and was based on the traditional
connection to or occupation of the land, and rejected the doctrine of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">terra nullius</i>, which had fantasized that
Australia was empty and unoccupied when Europeans arrived and established
settlement here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Once this
decision was made, parliamentary legislation to deal with the uncertainties
which then arose was necessary – but the courts took the lead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">In 1996, the High
Court extended the Mabo doctrine when it delivered the Wik decision, which held
that the grant of a pastoral lease did not confer rights of exclusive possession,
and would not necessarily extinguish native title.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">This prompted the
Howard government to introduce legislation which significantly wound back
native title.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWLEC/2013/48.html">The Warkworth Case</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">IN 2010 Warkworth
Mining Limited – a subsidiary of Rio Tinto – sought to extend its mining
operations near Bulga in the Hunter Valley. The proposal involved clearing 766
hectares of endangered ecological communities, remove an entire ridge, and
undertake extensive open cut coal mining, which was to continue to 2031.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The NSW Minister
approved the application on 3 February 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The local
residents then appealed the decision to the Land and Environment Court.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The appeal raised
questions of biological diversity, of noise and dust, and social impacts.
However, against this Warkworth argued that huge economic benefits would flow
if the mine proceeded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">So far, this is a
familiar scenario – two different types of argument, in different spheres,
never quite meeting each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The economic
benefits of the extension as projected in the Rio Tinto’s two economic
assessments were huge: an input-output analysis (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I-O analysis</b>) put the figure at an additional $16.8 billion in
output and 44,675 jobs in the Hunter Region (where jobs are defined as lasting
for one year full-time) as compared to the base case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">A cost benefit
analysis (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CBA</b>) concluded that the
total net production benefit would be in the order of $1.97 billion, with
Warkworth, its shareholders and the New South Wales and Commonwealth
governments standing to benefit the most. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">This kind of
analysis had never been questioned by environmentalists in a case of this kind.
The argument had been that the other losses were worth more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">At this point the
opponents of the mine changed the game. They called economist Richard Denniss, the
executive director of the Australia Institute, who pulled apart their analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">In the end the NSWLEC,
relying on the expert evidence from Richard Denniss, determined that neither
the I-O analysis nor the CBA adequately considered the principles of
ecologically sustainable development, and severely criticised both economic models
on their methodologies. Preston CJ concluded that both models were, at best,
only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a</i> means of bringing to attention
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">some</i> of the relevant environmental,
social and economic matters a decision-maker must weigh and balance when
determining whether or not a project should be approved. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">He rejected the
application to extend the mine. The NSW government and Rio Tinto appealed to
the Court of Appeal in NSW. That appeal was dismissed. The mine will not go
ahead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The New South
Wales government has responded to the Warkworth decision by introducing
amendments to the State Environment Planning Policy 2007 (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEPP</b>) such that economic benefits – employment generation,
expenditure, and royalties – must now be the principal consideration where
mining developments are concerned. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">But even this
would not have saved the Warkworth mine – Rio Tinto had no credible evidence of
the economic benefits they trumpeted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Should we value the other factors?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Some groups have
spent significant sums trying to place a dollar value on the loss of amenity
and loss of biodiversity from developments of this kind. This is a very
dangerous course, because many of these factors – like the endangered wildlife
example – do not readily reduce themselves to a dollar value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">I think this is a
dangerous course because it condemns you to argue only in dollar terms – when
often we really want to uphold some values which are not readily measured in
money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">So for example,
the ACF have embarked on large projects to place an economic value on some
natural assets – such as the Hattah Lakes, forests, and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">If we carry out
this sort of study, the figures may or may not provide a greater money value to
the protected asset than for any proposed development using that asset. If we
are to use the higher value to argue that a development should not go ahead,
are we not also conceding that if there is a lower money value for the national
park or forest or alpine meadow left as it is than for any given development,
than we concede the option with the greatest money value wins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">I think I would
still like to protect our natural environment, even in the face of arguments
that we could make more money destroying it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">I also think
there are many in the community who simply will not believe the figures that we
come up with for the value of these things in money terms – for their value is
essentially not something reducible to mere finance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">How do we put a
figure on love? On justice? On peace? On human rights? Any attempt to do so
will be very flawed, and yet we all believe these things are valuable – even
though war can generate economic activity, injustice and exploitation in
violation of human rights can bring great profit, and most would give a great
deal of money not to have Gina Rinehart’s family misery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Courts often have
real difficulty dealing with environmental issues, largely because there is no
clear party who can advocate the interests of the Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Should nature have its own legal rights?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">If we only value
things that can be exchanged for money, we will fail to value many things which
are of importance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">At the same time,
if the only measure of global good is the rights and welfare of our species, we
have an inadequate standard. The countervailing considerations of prosperity
from selling coal or from felling trees or from releasing dangerous chemicals
may be all too readily utilized against the benefit of the Earth. Human
wellbeing will have short term and long term perspectives. How do we decide
which is more important? We can call for intergenerational equity – not leaving
a mess for our children and grandchildren – but when they are not yet able to
actively advocate their interests, this may not be sufficient when <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">realpolitik</i> interposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Today I believe
it has become essential that our human rights discourse be informed by
recognition of the rights of the Earth itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">In fact, many
countries<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3110612802242920633#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
have begun to institute laws which give fundamental protection to the
environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">France has a
Charter for the Environment, which was incorporated in the constitution in
2005. It is a significant document. Article 1 reads:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Art 1 </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">– Each person has the right
to live in a balanced environment which shows due respect for health.</span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">It is still
focused on the rights of humans, but it contains strong provisions of a kind we
do not enjoy in Australia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">But Ecuador – a
comparatively small Latin American country only slightly larger than Victoria
and with a population of 15 million – has altered the entire international
debate. In 2008 the people of Ecuador by an overwhelming 63% majority, voted
for a new constitution - the first in the world to comprehensively recognise
ecosystem rights and nature rights:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Nature or Pachamama, where life is
reproduced and exists, has the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate
its vital cycles, structure, functions and its processes in evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Every person, people, community or
nationality, will be able to demand the recognitions of rights for nature
before the public organisms.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Much of the
motivation for this came from widespread outrage at Chevron dumping millions of
tonnes of toxic waste into the Amazon as part of its mining operations. The new
document refers to “Pachamama” the indigenous Earth mother figure. In Spanish
it is called l<i>a Ley de los Derechos de Madre Tierra</i> – the Law of the Rights of Mother Earth<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3110612802242920633#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Much of the
thinking for this new constitution was done by the local indigenous community
and NGOs. The process was remarkably rapid – from beginning work on this
constitution to its passage took about 18 months.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Chevron reacted
strongly. Its lobbyist told </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/149090"><b><span style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Newsweek</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The ultimate issue here is Ecuador has
mistreated a U.S. company. We can't let little countries screw around with big
companies like this - companies that have made big investments around the
world.</span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">It did not end
there. Then Bolivia’s first indigenous president, Evo Morales, announced his
country would follow suit with “The Law of Mother Earth” based on the
indigenous belief that all the inhabitants of nature are created equal. As
President Morales put it:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Either capitalism dies, or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mother</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Earth</span> dies. We choose <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pachamama</span>,
or death.</span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Bolivia’s Law
of Mother Earth was passed on 22 April 2011. Other nations, such as Nepal, have
expressed interest in following suit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The law in
Australia has frequently failed the environment. I think some bold vision is
necessary. Legal recognition of the rights of Mother Earth would be a great
step forward.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Protecting the
environment calls forth all the different aspects of human civilization –
amongst other things, philosophy, art, science, religion, architecture,
economics and the law. It is for us, as humans who build our civilization, to
ensure that each aspect values the things which we consider to be important.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3110612802242920633#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"> eg S 24 of the Constitution of
South Africa (a right to have the environment protected), Article 24 of the
Basic Law (ie the Constitution) of Germany (guarantee to the rights of
animals), and UNESCO’s Earth Charter</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3110612802242920633#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"> The relevant provisions are as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Rights for Nature<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Art. 1. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Nature or Pachamama, where life is reproduced and exists,
has the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate its vital cycles,
structure, functions and its processes in evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Every person, people, community or nationality,
will be able to demand the recognitions of rights for nature before the public
organisms.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>The application and
interpretation of these rights will follow the related principles established
in the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">The State will motivate natural and
juridical persons as well as collectives to protect nature; it will promote
respect towards all the elements that form an ecosystem.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Art. 2.</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Nature has the right to an integral restoration. This
integral restoration is independent of the obligation on natural and juridical
persons or the State to indemnify the people and the collectives that depend on
the natural systems.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">In the cases of severe or permanent
environmental impact, including the ones caused by the exploitation on non
renewable natural resources, the State will establish the most efficient
mechanisms for the restoration, and will adopt the adequate measures to
eliminate or mitigate the harmful environmental consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Art. 3.</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"> The State will apply precaution and restriction
measures in all the activities that can lead to the extinction of species, the
destruction of the ecosystems or the permanent alteration of the natural
cycles.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">The introduction of organisms and
organic and inorganic material that can alter in a definitive way the national
genetic patrimony is prohibited.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Art. 4. </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">The persons, people, communities and nationalities will have
the right to benefit from the environment and form natural wealth that
will allow well-being.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">The environmental services cannot be
appropriated; its production, provision, use and exploitation, will be
regulated by the State.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
</div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-56817714264260753832015-04-12T08:50:00.003+10:002015-04-12T08:57:36.446+10:00An Inclusive Australia<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Keynote
Address to the Law Council of Australia’s Immigration Law Conference<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">20 March 2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On 20 March 2015 I delivered the keynote address to the Law Council of Australia's Immigration Law Conference. Earlier that day Malcolm Fraser died.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This
is an appropriate forum in which to pay tribute to Malcolm Fraser, as I’m sure
many have before me today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This
of course is not the time for a comprehensive tribute, but he leaves a proud
legacy in relation to immigration and refugees and human rights.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He
was formidable if he opposed you. When I first met him, it was in the context
of doing research for a film into his position on the Franklin Dam dispute. At one point, not
liking some of the thrust of the conversation, he brought in his stenographer
to take down everything that was said. There was no way he was not going to
control what happened in that meeting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He
was a whirlwind of generosity if he was onside. I dealt with him repeatedly on
human rights issues. He was generous with his time when young people from
Liberty Victoria and other human rights groups wanted to interview him or seek
his counsel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He
would not be silenced on refugees, on human rights, on the rule of law – and on
immigration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He
showed great dignity and moral compass in dealing with the slide to the right
of the Liberal Party, the party he had served for so long, including as its leader, and eventually he left.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Australia
will miss his clear, consistent and statesmanlike voice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Following through on an initiative of the Whitlam government, it was Malcolm Fraser who saw the passage of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Land_Rights_Act_1976" target="_blank">first Aboriginal land rights legislation</a> through the parliament of Australia. And so it is appropriate that we now acknowledge the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation, the traditional owners of the land on which we meet, and pay our respects to their elders past and present.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In
1827 the two Misses Daulby conducted their Seminary for the Daughters of
Gentlefolk, near Liverpool. Ellen Turner, just 15 years old, was a pupil. Her
father had amassed a considerable fortune, and one day she would inherit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mr
Wakefield, then 30 and a widower, sent his servant, Edward Thevenot, to the
school with a message to the Misses Daulby, that Ellen Turner’s mother had
become paralysed and wished to see her daughter immediately. The Misses Daulby
allowed their pupil to leave with Thevenot, who was a stranger.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He
took young Ellen to see Wakefield at a hotel in Manchester. Wakefield told her
that her father’s business had collapsed, and that he would take her to
Carlisle, where her father had fled to escape his creditors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On
the way he told her that the banks had agreed that if Ellen married straight
away, her father’s fortune would be saved. Wakefield’s brother joined them and
claimed Ellen’s father had agreed to the marriage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
were married at Gretna Green. Ellen then said she wanted to see her father, but
Wakefield said he had a meeting in Paris he could not postpone, and took her
across the channel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
Misses Daulby became concerned when their charge did not return, and the alarm
was raised.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
British Foreign Secretary issued a warrant for the arrest of Wakefield. The
relatives caught up with the couple in Calais, and despite Wakefield’s protestations
that she was his lawful wife and could not be taken away without his permission,
French authorities allowed her to go with her family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
marriage was annulled by parliament. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wakefield
was charged with felonious abduction and unlawful marriage. The trial was a
sensation, attended daily by fainting ladies and a series of outlandish
witnesses. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wakefield
was sentenced to 3 years' jail – which he served in Newgate Prison.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
Mr Wakefield in question was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" target="_blank">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a>, and while he was in
prison, surrounded by convicts waiting to be taken to Botany Bay, he began
agitating for settlement in South Australia. He wrote a series of fictitious
letters as if from the evil colony of Sydney, and devised a radical social
experiment outlined in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Proposed
National Society, for the Cure and Prevention of Pauperism, by Means of
Systematic Colonisation.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He
planned to select the most capable of the poor, sell them cheap land in the new
colony, and build a model society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">‘The
object,’ he wrote ‘is not to place a scattered and half-barbarous colony on the
coast of New Holland, but to establish a wealthy civilised society.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here
he was, a convict, telling the world how to create a civilised society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Torrens" target="_blank">RobertTorrens</a> – now famous for the system of land title he gave us - took on
Wakefield’s theories. He proclaimed that South Australia’s favourable climate
would allow opium to be grown for the Chinese trade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wakefield
was eventually shut out of the South Australian venture, but he was later
involved in the settlement of New Zealand, and went on to have a long and successful
career in parliament.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His
initiative led to the landing of the first European settlers in what was to
become Adelaide in July 1836 – at a place they called ‘Port Misery’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They
were the first economic migrants to South Australia. They had been
preceded by settlers landing in what is now Melbourne less than a year earlier
– also economic migrants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Australia
since then has had a mixed record in the field of social justice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When
the nation federated, the first legislation enacted was the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Immigration Restriction Act </i>– which of
course instituted the White Australia Policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In
the course of his Second Reading Speech, the Australian Attorney-General,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" target="_blank">Alfred Deakin,</a> discussed the Commonwealth’s powers in this area, and went on to
say:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">We have power to
deal with people of any and every race within our borders, except the
Aboriginal inhabitants of the continent, who remain under the custody of the
states. There is that single exception of a dying race; and if they be a dying
race, let us hope that in their last hours they will be able to recognise
not simply the justice, but the generosity of the treatment which the white
race, who are dispossessing them and entering into their heritage, are
according them.</span></i></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Australia
helped pioneer so many social advances: <span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">the 8 hour day, </span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">free universal
education, </span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">women’s
suffrage,</span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">the basic wage.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the 1930s and 40s some Australians championed the cause of Jewish refugees from
Europe - <span style="line-height: 150%;">in the face of the prejudice
of those who said</span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -36pt;">they were a
threat to our national security, </span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -36pt;">they were
communists, </span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -36pt;">they were
Germans.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In
1948 it was an Australian Minister, Dr Evatt, who presided over the
passage of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the United Nations.Today we are the only western nation not to have enshrined its principles in our laws.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Australia was a signatory to
the Refugee Convention in 1951, but today our government routinely acts in contravention
of the obligations we have undertaken - as the relevant UN authorities have
repeatedly ruled. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Today we have
become enmeshed in confusion in dealing with some aspects of immigration –
especially asylum seekers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Border protection</b> – the
rhetoric of border protection is entirely misplaced. In the middle ages, when a
person sought sanctuary from the church, no one said they threatened the
church’s borders. By coming here to seek asylum, refugees do not threaten our
borders – they invoke their protection. They seek the protection of our
jurisdiction. The border protection paradigm has opened the way to a military response to a humanitarian problem. The use of the military to deal with this issue shows that our
appreciation of the nature of the issue has become deranged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But of course there is a
threat to our borders. It is from politicians who have excised large areas of
our nation from the normal oversight of the courts. That is a real threat to
Australia’s jurisdictional limits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ASIO assessments</b> – many of
you would have more first hand experience of this than I do, but there are
several people detained by virtue of adverse ASIO assessments, unable to know
why, or to realistically challenge the facts or judgments which give rise to
that assessment. Some have now been held for years. This includes their
children.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If a person in power can make
a decision which takes away a person’s liberty, and there is no adequate
mechanism for answering the decision so that it can be independently assessed,
we have lost the rule of law, and have replaced it with the rule of the
decision-maker’s whim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Our nation has never come to
terms with the dispossession of the indigenous inhabitants to the land. No
wonder we are uneasy about newcomers. Until we come to terms with the
past, and deal with this in a way that makes these wrongs right, we will
continue to come up against a deep-seated guilt, which in turn drives its own
fear. This is what underlies so much of our debate about asylum seekers and
immigration more generally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Malcolm Fraser had a vision
for an Australia which was not held in thrall by the white Australia policy or
any other racist paradigm. When Vietnamese boat people were coming to
Australia, he arranged for refugees to be brought directly to Australia from
refugee camps, so they did not have to risk the journey. He showed leadership
by providing repeated reassurance to the nation that we Australians could handle this. It was
a remarkable contribution to the wellbeing of our country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He promoted multiculturalism,
and spoke out on the rights of asylum seekers, most recently criticising the
government for its intemperate attacks on the Human Rights Commissioner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I hope we may strive for an
enlightened Australia - <span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">a nation which
has come to terms with its past by reconciling with our indigenous community, a</span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"> nation which
lives up to its international obligations in relation to human rights and
refugees, a </span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">nation
inclusive of all sections within the community.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-42286824366670464642015-04-09T15:57:00.004+10:002015-04-09T15:57:48.874+10:00Valuing the Environment<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">RMIT School of Global, Urban
and Social Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Environmental Economics<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lecture 31 March 2015<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FJ_ux16RQyk/VSYUqr9h9iI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/tgG2OHTqSoA/s1600/warkworth-by-stephen-bell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FJ_ux16RQyk/VSYUqr9h9iI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/tgG2OHTqSoA/s1600/warkworth-by-stephen-bell.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The bush saved by the <i>Warkworth</i> decision</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The different aspects of reality<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Let
us imagine we have with us in the lecture theatre a tree. Let’s make it a
special tree.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626;">Perhaps
the rarest eucalypt is </span><span lang="EN-US"><i><span style="color: #285287; font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://brianwaltersmelbourne.blogspot.com.au/2012/08/rare-trees.html" target="_blank">Eucalyptus recurva</a></span></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626;"> - discovered in the 1980s and also
known as the Ice Age Gum or the Mongarlowe Mallee. It is a mallee, with many
stems sprouting from a single lignotuber (underground root ball). The species
is known from only four sites on the southern tablelands of NSW - three of the
sites having just a single individual, and the other having two. Some of
these five individuals are genetically identical.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
oldest of these plants, near Windellama, south east of Goulburn, is considered
to be 13,000 years old and a relic of the ice age. It is probably the oldest
plant on Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Because
of the plant's extreme rarity, the exact locations of each known specimen is a
closely guarded secret - although all are on private property.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are
different ways of appreciating this tree. A physicist might be able to tell us
(although it would be hard) all the atoms and compounds which make up this
tree. A logger might be able to estimate the precise wood volume it would
yield, and an economist the value of that timber. A poet or artist might see in
the tree inspiration for art works. A botanist will be able to tell us some of
the things I’ve already mentioned – the species of the tree, and what is unique
about it. A zoologist to tell us what animals shelter in the tree, and perhaps
something of the relationship between animal life and the tree. The tree might
be a special meeting place – with a particular social importance. It might have
legal significance, and a lawyer can tell you what the rules are that protect
it. Or it might be in a water catchment, and have an important role in the
production of clean water – something the hydrologist can tell us about. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Each of these
perspectives is valid, but the reality of the tree cannot be reduced to any one
of them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If we try to
reduce reality to one of its aspects, we lose a great deal. So a Freudian will
have a particular take on human relationships, but it would be a distortion to
think this is all there is. A behaviourist – same thing. A Marxist will see
things in terms of the relationship between the factors of production and the
production process, and this is a valuable insight – but it is only one aspect
of reality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Lopez" target="_blank">Barry Lopez</a>, the
great nature writer, wrote this about our appreciation of land:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Whatever evaluation we finally make of a
stretch of land, however, no matter how profound or accurate, we will find it
inadequate. The land retains an identity of its own, still deeper and more
subtle than we can know. Our obligation toward it then becomes simple: to
approach with an uncalculating mind, with an attitude of regard. To try to
sense the range and variety of its expression— its weather and colors and
animals. To intend from the beginning to preserve some of the mystery within it
as a kind of wisdom to be experienced, not questioned. And to be alert for its
openings, for that moment when something sacred reveals itself within the
mundane, and you know the land knows you are there.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- Barry Lopez <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arctic Dreams<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Today we see the
economic aspect of life dominant in discourse. The slightest change in economic
indicators – the sharemarket index, the unemployment level, the inflation rate,
the value of the dollar – will be news.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to the
Australian Accounting Standards ‘fair value’ is:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">… the price that would be received
to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction
between market participants at the measurement date. </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond; mso-fareast-font-family: AGaramond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB13_09-11.pdf" target="_blank">AASBStandard ‘Fair Value Measurement’ September 2011</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But how do we
value our tree under that standard, when it is not allowed to be bought or
sold?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Let’s focus this
further. According to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/ltobjst9.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/3C0324CFCBE30D22CA257DF80076FC76/$FILE/75-8699aa102%20authorised.pdf" target="_blank">Wildlife Act</a></i>
1975 (Vic):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">45 Acquiring etc. threatened
wildlife </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(1) A person must not buy, sell, acquire,
receive, dispose of, keep, possess, control, breed, process, display, take
samples from or experiment on threatened wildlife. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Penalty: 240 penalty units or 24 months
imprisonment or both the fine and imprisonment and an additional penalty of 20
penalty units for every head of wildlife in respect of which an offence has
been committed. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since it is an
offence to buy or sell threatened wildlife, it must follow that the price for
such wildlife in the fair market would be nil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Therefore,
according to Australian accounting standards, protected wildlife has no value
at all. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet many people
in the community would regard it as having a value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We are here
meeting two different ways of viewing the value of something in the world. How
is that paradigm divide to be bridged?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Courts<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We have a
Westminster system of government in Australia. Under this system, government is
divided into three arms – parliament, executive and judiciary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The judicial arm
of the government comprises the courts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Under the
doctrine of separation of powers, the three powers are the legislative power to
make laws; the executive power to carry out and enforce the laws; and the
judicial power to interpret laws and to judge whether they apply in individual cases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the paper
included in the course work, I have included a number of case studies of the
judicial process being used to silence community groups. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are also
examples of the courts being used to make important advances in the law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mabo<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1992 the High
Court delivered judgment in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" target="_blank">Mabo case</a>. This was a landmark decision which
recognized native title. The court found, contrary to previous decisions of
lower courts, that native title existed, and was based on the traditional
connection to or occupation of the land, and rejected the doctrine of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">terra nullius</i>, which had fantasized that
Australia was empty and unoccupied when Europeans arrived and established
settlement here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once this
decision was made, parliamentary legislation to deal with the uncertainties
which then arose was necessary – but the courts took the lead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1996, the High
Court extended the Mabo doctrine when it delivered the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik_Peoples_v_Queensland" target="_blank">Wik decision</a>, which held
that the grant of a pastoral lease did not confer rights of exclusive possession,
and would not necessarily extinguish native title.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This prompted the
Howard government to introduce legislation which significantly wound back
native title.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWLEC/2013/48.html" target="_blank">Warkworth Case</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">IN 2010 Warkworth
Mining Limited – a subsidiary of Rio Tinto – sought to extend its mining
operations near Bulga in the Hunter Valley. The proposal involved clearing 766
hectares of endangered ecological communities, remove an entire ridge, and
undertake extensive open cut coal mining, which was to continue to 2031.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The NSW Minister
approved the application on 3 February 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The local
residents then appealed to the Land and Environment Court.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The appeal raised
questions of biological diversity, of noise and dust, and social impacts. Against
this, Warkworth argued that huge economic benefits would flow if the mine
proceeded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So far, this is a
familiar scenario – two different types of argument, in different spheres,
never quite meeting each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The economic
benefits of the extension as projected in the Rio Tinto’s two economic
assessments were huge: an input-output analysis (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I-O analysis</b>) put the figure at an additional $16.8 billion in
output and 44,675 jobs in the Hunter Region (where jobs are defined as lasting
for one year full-time) as compared to the base case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A cost benefit
analysis (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CBA</b>) concluded that the
total net production benefit would be in the order of $1.97 billion, with
Warkworth, its shareholders and the NSW and Commonwealth governments standing
to benefit the most. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This kind of
analysis had never been questioned by environmentalists in a case like this.
The argument had been that the other losses were worth more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At this point the
opponents changed the game. They called economist Richard Denniss, the
executive director of the Australia Institute, who pulled apart Warkworth’s
analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the end the NSWLEC,
relying on the expert evidence from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Denniss" target="_blank">Richard Denniss</a>, determined that neither
the I-O analysis nor the CBA adequately considered the principles of
ecologically sustainable development, and severely criticised both economic
models on their methodologies. Preston CJ concluded that both models were, at
best, only a means of bringing to attention <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">some</i>
of the relevant environmental, social and economic matters a decision-maker
must consider when determining whether or not a project should be approved. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He rejected the
application to extend the mine. The NSW government and Rio Tinto appealed to
the Court of Appeal in NSW. That appeal was dismissed. The mine will not go
ahead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The NSW
government responded to the Warkworth decision by amending the State
Environment Planning Policy 2007 (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEPP</b>)
such that economic benefits – employment generation, expenditure, and royalties
– must now be the principal consideration where mining developments are
concerned. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But even this
would not have saved the Warkworth mine – Rio Tinto had no credible evidence of
the economic benefits they trumpeted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Should we value the other factors?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some groups have
spent significant sums trying to place a dollar value on the loss of amenity
and loss of biodiversity from developments of this kind. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While this can
help insert the environment into the discourse of economics, and for that
reason can make an economically-focused polity take notice, this is a dangerous
course because it condemns us to argue only in dollar terms – when often we
really want to uphold some values which are not readily measured in money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So for example,
the <a href="http://www.acfonline.org.au/" target="_blank">ACF</a> have embarked on large projects to place an economic value on some
natural assets – such as the Hattah Lakes, forests, and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If we carry out
this sort of study, the figures may or may not provide a greater money value to
the protected asset than for any proposed development using that asset. If we
are to use the higher value to argue that a development should not go ahead,
are we not also conceding that if there is a lower money value for the national
park or forest or alpine meadow left as it is than for any given development, then
the option with the greatest money value wins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I would still
like to protect our natural environment, even in the face of arguments that we
could make more money destroying it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Also, there are
many in the community who simply will not believe the figures that we come up
with for the value of these things in money terms – for their value is
essentially not something reducible to mere finance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How do we put a
figure on love? On justice? On peace? On human rights? Any attempt to do so
will be very flawed, and yet we all believe these things are valuable – even
though war can generate economic activity, injustice and exploitation in violation
of human rights can bring great profit, and most would give a great deal of
money not to have Gina Rinehart’s family misery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Courts often have
real difficulty dealing with environmental issues, largely because there is no
party to the proceedings who can advocate the interests of the Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Should nature have its own legal rights?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If we only value
things that can be exchanged for money, we will fail to value many things which
are of importance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If the only
measure of global good is the rights and welfare of our species, we have an
inadequate standard. The countervailing considerations of prosperity from
selling coal or from felling trees or from releasing dangerous chemicals may be
all too readily utilized against the benefit of the Earth. Human wellbeing will
have short term and long term perspectives. How do we decide which is more
important? We can call for intergenerational equity – not leaving a mess for
our children and grandchildren – but when they are not yet able to actively
advocate their interests, this may not be sufficient when <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">realpolitik</i> interposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Today I believe
it has become essential that our human rights discourse be informed by
recognition of the rights of the Earth itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In fact, many
countries<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3110612802242920633#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
have begun to institute laws that give fundamental protection to the
environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">France has a
<a href="http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/english/constitution/charter-for-the-environment.103658.html" target="_blank">Charter for the Environment</a>, which was incorporated in the constitution in
2005. It is a significant document. Article 1 reads:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Art 1 </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">– Each person has the right
to live in a balanced environment which shows due respect for health.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is still
focused on the rights of humans, but it contains strong provisions of a kind we
do not enjoy in Australia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But Ecuador – a
comparatively small Latin American country only slightly larger than Victoria
and with a population of 15 million – has altered the entire international
debate. In 2008 the people of Ecuador by an overwhelming 63% majority, voted
for a <a href="http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Ecuador/english08.html" target="_blank">new constitution</a> - the first in the world to comprehensively recognise
ecosystem rights and nature rights:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nature or Pachamama, where life is
reproduced and exists, has the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate
its vital cycles, structure, functions and its processes in evolution.</span></i> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Every person, people, community or
nationality, will be able to demand the recognitions of rights for nature
before the public organisms.</span></i></span></blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Much of the
motivation for this came from widespread outrage at Chevron dumping millions of
tonnes of toxic waste into the Amazon as part of its mining operations. In Spanish
the new document is called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">la ley de los
derechos de Madre Tierra</i> – the law of the rights of mother earth<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3110612802242920633#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
It refers to “Pachamama” the indigenous Earth mother figure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Key thinking
for this new constitution was done by the local indigenous community and NGOs.
The process was remarkably rapid – from beginning work on this constitution to
its passage took about 18 months.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Chevron reacted
strongly. Its lobbyist told </span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://www.newsweek.com/chevron-lobbyists-fight-ecuador-toxic-dumping-case-93189" target="_blank"><i>Newsweek</i></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US">: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The ultimate issue here is Ecuador has
mistreated a U.S. company. We can't let little countries screw around with big
companies like this - companies that have made big investments around the
world.</span></i></blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It did not end
there. Neighbouring Bolivia’s first indigenous president, Evo Morales,
announced his country would follow suit with “The Law of Mother Earth” based on
the indigenous belief that all the inhabitants of nature are created equal. As
President Morales <a href="http://www.argentinaindependent.com/feature/rights-for-mother-earth-peoples-summit-on-climate-change/" target="_blank">put it</a>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Either capitalism dies, or Mother Earth dies. We choose Pachamama,or death.</span></i></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bolivia’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law of Mother Earth</i> was passed on 22
April 2011. Other nations, such as Nepal, have expressed interest in following
suit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The law in
Australia has frequently failed the environment. I think some bold vision is
necessary. Legal recognition of the rights of Mother Earth would be a great
step forward.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Our tree can be
appreciated in different ways from the perspective of different disciplines.
And so if we are to protect the environment we must draw on all the different
aspects of human civilization – amongst other things, philosophy, art, science,
religion, architecture, economics and the law. It is for us, as humans who
build our civilization, to ensure that each aspect values the things which we
consider important.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3110612802242920633#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> eg S 24 of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution of South Africa</i> (a right to have the environment
protected), Article 24 of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Basic Law</i>
(ie the Constitution) of Germany (guarantee to the rights of animals), and
UNESCO’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Earth Charter</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3110612802242920633#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> The relevant provisions are as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Rights for Nature<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Art. 1. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Nature or Pachamama, where life is reproduced and exists,
has the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate its vital cycles,
structure, functions and its processes in evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Every person, people, community or
nationality, will be able to demand the recognitions of rights for nature
before the public organisms.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>The
application and interpretation of these rights will follow the related
principles established in the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The State will motivate natural and
juridical persons as well as collectives to protect nature; it will promote
respect towards all the elements that form an ecosystem.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Art. 2.</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Nature has the right to an integral restoration. This
integral restoration is independent of the obligation on natural and juridical
persons or the State to indemnify the people and the collectives that depend on
the natural systems.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">In the cases of severe or permanent
environmental impact, including the ones caused by the exploitation on non
renewable natural resources, the State will establish the most efficient
mechanisms for the restoration, and will adopt the adequate measures to
eliminate or mitigate the harmful environmental consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Art. 3.</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> The State will apply precaution and restriction
measures in all the activities that can lead to the extinction of species, the
destruction of the ecosystems or the permanent alteration of the natural
cycles.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The introduction of organisms and
organic and inorganic material that can alter in a definitive way the national
genetic patrimony is prohibited.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Art. 4. </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The persons, people, communities and nationalities will have
the right to benefit from the environment and form natural wealth that
will allow well-being.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The environmental services cannot be
appropriated; its production, provision, use and exploitation, will be
regulated by the State.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
</div>
</div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-33397074426571047062015-03-09T17:31:00.000+11:002015-03-09T17:33:13.590+11:00Anschluss<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1938, threatened with a Nazi takeover, and without international support, Austrian chancellor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" target="_blank">Kurt von Schuschnigg</a> called for a national plebiscite on the
nation’s future. It was to be held on Sunday 13 March.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He expected a vote to keep Austria independent, and there can be little doubt he would have
received overwhelming support.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xNZxOp6nfg0/VP08eR2_5II/AAAAAAAAAlo/n6J8UhHbatE/s1600/Kurt%2BSchuschnigg%2B-%2BAustria%2BOstmark%2B-%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xNZxOp6nfg0/VP08eR2_5II/AAAAAAAAAlo/n6J8UhHbatE/s1600/Kurt%2BSchuschnigg%2B-%2BAustria%2BOstmark%2B-%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" height="320" width="241" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kurt von Schuschnigg, Chancellor of Austria</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler learned of the proposal on Wednesday 9 March –
just four days before the plebiscite. He was furious about this ‘dirty trick’.
The last thing he wanted was a popular expression of support for Austrian
independence. He summoned his advisers (many of whom were out of the country).
He sent a message to Mussolini asking for his support. Despite the lack of any
plan of attack, Hitler sent tanks and troops rolling towards the border.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Before dawn, on Friday 11 March, the Germans closed
the border with Austria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitler delivered an ultimatum: postpone the plebiscite
for three weeks, or the Wehrmacht will invade. Early that afternoon, the
Austrians agreed. Then the Germans sent a further ultimatum demanding the
resignation of Schuschnigg and his entire government, and the appointment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" target="_blank">Dr Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a> (the Nazi leader in Austria) as Federal Chancellor, otherwise the German Wehrmacht would march
in that very evening. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Shortly after four in the afternoon, the Austrian
government resigned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fhbw4pDD4_4/VP06VXX5oBI/AAAAAAAAAk4/Ka3sv30Wz4c/s1600/arthur%2Bseyss%2Binquart.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fhbw4pDD4_4/VP06VXX5oBI/AAAAAAAAAk4/Ka3sv30Wz4c/s1600/arthur%2Bseyss%2Binquart.JPG" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dr Arthur Seyss-Inquart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But President Miklas did not wish to appoint a Nazi as
Chancellor. Göring bellowed at Seyss-Inquart over the telephone to go with the
German military attaché and threaten Miklas with immediate invasion by the
troops massing along the Austrian border.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The German radio delivered a stream of hysterical
propaganda. There had been a bloody communist revolt, the reports asserted,
which the Austrian government was powerless to control. There were hundreds of
casualties. In reality, everything was calm except for Nazis beginning to show
themselves on the streets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At about eight that evening, from the room where
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" target="_blank">Dollfuss</a> had bled to death, Schuschnigg broadcast to the nation:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
German government today handed to President Miklas an ultimatum with a time
limit attached, ordering him to nominate as Chancellor a person to be
designated by the German government and to appoint members of a cabinet on the
orders of the German government; otherwise German troops would invade Austria.
I declare before the world that the reports issued about Austria concerning
disorders created by the workers and the shedding of streams of blood, and the
allegations that the situation has got out of control of the government were
lies from A to Z. President Miklas asks me to tell the people of Austria that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">we</b></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">have yielded to force</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Shortly before midnight, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" target="_blank">President Miklas</a> appointed
Seyss-Inquart chancellor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pcO7IeS13Pc/VP08KxHTC6I/AAAAAAAAAlg/-m4ItLc0AWY/s1600/WilhelmMiklas37840v.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pcO7IeS13Pc/VP08KxHTC6I/AAAAAAAAAlg/-m4ItLc0AWY/s1600/WilhelmMiklas37840v.jpg" height="320" width="235" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">President Miklas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Göring now told Seyss-Inquart to request the
assistance of German troops to restore order in Austria. Seyss-Inquart, still
not aware of the part he was required to play, protested: ‘Well, that’s one
thing I need not do because everything is quiet here in Austria, so far.’</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Germans ignored him, announcing that he had
invited German troops to enter the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At dawn on 12 March 1938, at many points along the
frontier, German troops crossed into Austria. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KjArjwEOQsw/VP06khz2IDI/AAAAAAAAAlA/zjeXGP14R2o/s1600/Anschluss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KjArjwEOQsw/VP06khz2IDI/AAAAAAAAAlA/zjeXGP14R2o/s1600/Anschluss.jpg" height="201" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Austrian officials raise barriers to let German troops
cross the frontier<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Soldiers drove past cheering crowds throwing out Nazi
salutes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nukQo-i3ZnM/VP07RSrxodI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/0Eat0m02l2I/s1600/512.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nukQo-i3ZnM/VP07RSrxodI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/0Eat0m02l2I/s1600/512.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">German troops march into Austria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">That day Hitler drove across the Austrian border to
his home town, Linz. In Vienna, the SS arrested Schuschnigg – he was not freed
for more than seven years, by which time many proud European cities were
smoking ruins. He was fortunate to survive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seyss-Inquart was chancellor of Austria for less than
two days. The new Austrian government passed a law that made Austria ‘a
province of the German Reich’. On Monday 14 March, Hitler made his triumphant
entry into Vienna. The Anschluss ('union') was complete.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jT5YzUc5jcs/VP07x6Qt9iI/AAAAAAAAAlY/N9aD6ZPyv0E/s1600/0%2C%2C16657067_303%2C00.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jT5YzUc5jcs/VP07x6Qt9iI/AAAAAAAAAlY/N9aD6ZPyv0E/s1600/0%2C%2C16657067_303%2C00.jpg" height="225" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler's entry into Vienna - 14 March 1938</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even as the celebrations took place, the new regime
began its mass arrests, and the former Austrian Minister for War was
assassinated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is an edited extract from <i><a href="http://treasonthebook.com/" target="_blank">TREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Plot to Kill Hitler</a></i></span></div>
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Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-77873921939194846982015-03-05T15:26:00.002+11:002015-03-05T15:26:36.175+11:00Reoccupation of the Rhineland<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">On the morning of 7 March 1936, Hitler’s foreign
minister, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" target="_blank">Konstantin von Neurath</a>, convened a meeting of the French, British,
Italian and Belgian ambassadors. He proposed a twenty-five-year non-aggression
pact, including demilitarisation on both banks of the Rhine and limitations on
air forces of all parties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">At noon that day, Hitler announced that Germany would
reoccupy the Rhineland – the area west of the Rhine and bordering France and
the low countries which had been demilitarised since the Versailles Treaty. By
then, German columns were already streaming across the border of the zone.
Hitler bamboozled the western leaders by announcing that the occupation was
purely symbolic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">German troops march into
the Rhineland<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Hitler’s generals knew Germany was not ready for
military confrontation with the major powers. Had there been the slightest show
of force from Britain or France, they would have forced Hitler to withdraw. In
the end, apart from solemn hand wringing and protests from the Western Powers,
nothing was done. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Hitler commenced fortifying this area, leaving him free
to pursue other adventures to the east – and providing him a focal point for
attack more than 150 kilometres closer to Paris. It was from the Rhineland that
the German attack on France would develop most powerfully in 1940. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Hitler had shown that the western powers would not
stand against determined action. He greatly enhanced his prestige and that of
the Nazi regime. To the world he proclaimed: ‘All Germany’s territorial
ambitions have now been satisfied.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">This is an edited extract from <i><a href="http://treasonthebook.com/" target="_blank">TREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Plot to Kill Hitler</a></i></span></div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-77613360492391850302015-02-26T12:10:00.000+11:002015-02-26T12:10:05.329+11:00The Reichstag Fire<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DxiBC1OpEUo/VO0nS2IaUHI/AAAAAAAAAj0/Zpq0YKmrF-M/s1600/Reichstag%2Bfire%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DxiBC1OpEUo/VO0nS2IaUHI/AAAAAAAAAj0/Zpq0YKmrF-M/s1600/Reichstag%2Bfire%2B2.jpg" height="221" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berliners watch the <i>Reichstag</i> burn</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" target="_blank">President Hindenburg</a> finally agreed to install Adolf Hitler as
chancellor on 30 January 1933 as part of a coalition – in the hope that Hitler might
be able to garner a majority in the fractious and divided <i>Reichstag</i> </span><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">(parliament)</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. The coalition
ministry contained only two other Nazis – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" target="_blank">Wilhelm Frick</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" target="_blank">Hermann </a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" target="_blank">Göring</a></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In response to the appointment, the Nazis staged torchlight
processions – trumpeting the dawn of a new age for Germany. <span class="FootnoteReference1"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hitler failed to negotiate parliamentary support. On 1
February Hindenburg dissolved the <i>Reichstag</i> and ordered elections
for 5 March. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On 27 February 1933, the immense <i>Reichstag</i> building, the
focal point of Berlin’s imperial district, was set on fire and destroyed. Only
the shell remained. It was a shocking act of terrorism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the midst of the public alarm that followed, Hitler presented
President Hindenburg with an emergency decree, drafted by non-Nazi public
servants, ‘for the protection of the people and the state’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The decree abrogated basic civil rights. Hitler said that
with this decree he could ‘try enemies of the state legally and deal with them
in a way that will put an end to conspiracies once and for all.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the final week of the campaign, the Nazis rode the panic
about the fire shamelessly – loudly blaming the Communist Party and whipping up
hysteria about the communist menace. Today, there is widespread suspicion that
the Nazis burnt the Reichstag. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hermann<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Göring
was Prussian minister for the interior – giving him control of security for
almost two thirds of Germany. Immediately he installed Nazis in key positions.
He ordered police not to interfere with Nazi brownshirts (the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung" target="_blank">Sturmabteilung</a></i> – storm troopers, or SA,
which constituted the paramilitary wing of the Nazi party) but to shoot at
communists. He also established a force of 50,000 auxiliary police – mostly
brawling thugs of the Nazi SA and SS (the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel" target="_blank">Schutzstaffel</a></i>, or ‘guard detachment’
– or blackshirts – at this stage a small elite force theoretically part of the
SA) – who simply pulled a white armband over their brown or black shirts to become
the law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On 5 March, having rigged the result, the Nazis increased
their vote to 43.9 per cent (the highest they had ever received). It was still
short of a majority, but the Nazis had enough coalition support for Hitler to
remain as chancellor. There would be no need for more free elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The alleged perpetrators of the </span><i style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reichstag</i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> fire were tried before judges of Germany's highest court - the </span><i style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reichsgericht.</i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" target="_blank">Marinus van der Lubbe</a> was convicted and executed. However, the four co-accused - Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov and Vasil Tanev - all officials of the Communist Party - were acquitted. Those acquittals prompted a furious Adolf Hitler to establish a '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Court_(Germany)" target="_blank">People's Court</a>' which would deal with so-called 'political' crimes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">This is an edited extract from <i><a href="http://treasonthebook.com/" target="_blank">TREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Plot to Kill Hitler</a></i></span></div>
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Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-62922810969172854022015-02-22T12:34:00.000+11:002015-02-22T12:34:23.966+11:00The White Rose
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<!--StartFragment-->
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Christoph
Hermann Probst</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6 November 1918 – 22 February
1943<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hans
Scholl was a medical student. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">His sister Sophie was horrified by her
boyfriend Fritz Hartnagel’s accounts of atrocities committed by Nazis on the
eastern front.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">She was a committed Christian, and
her religious beliefs were an important motivation in her opposition to the
Nazi regime.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Between June 1942 and February 1943, together with a group of their friends, they distributed anti war
leaflets which also opposed Nazi rule. They called themselves 'The White Rose'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">On 18 February 1943 – shortly after
the collapse at Stalingrad - Hans and Sophie Scholl brought a suitcase full of
leaflets to the University of Munich and distributed them around the corridors
for students to find at the change of lectures. Realising they had some left,
they returned and climbed the stairs to the top of the atrium. Sophie spilled
the remaining leaflets into the void.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The university porter saw this and came
after them shouting ‘You’re under arrest!’ and rather than run, they decided to
submit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Sophie and Hans were interrogated by
the Gestapo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Christoph Probst was a medical student and a member of the White Rose resistance group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">He was married with three children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">When Hans and Sophie Scholl were arrested, Hans carried a draft of a further leaflet designed by Christoph Probst. The leaflet referred to Hitler as a ‘military conman’ and said that the war must be lost so that Germany could live on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The handwriting matched the letters Probst had sent Hans Scholl.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Christoph Probst was arrested by the Gestapo on 19 February 1943 as he was on his way to visit his newborn daughter Katja and his wife, who was unwell following childbirth. He underwent extensive interrogation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">All three were charged with treason, while the
People’s Court hurried down to Munich to try them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">At their trial on 22 February 1943
the Scholls' parents Robert and Magdalene were not permitted entry. When they tried to
enter the courtroom. Magdalene said to the guard: ‘But I'm the mother of two of
the accused!’ The guard responded: ‘You should have brought them up better.’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Robert Scholl forced his way into the
courtroom and told the court that he was there to defend his children. He was
seized and forcibly escorted outside. The entire courtroom heard him shout:
‘One day there will be another kind of justice! One day they will go down in
history!’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Sophie told <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Freisler" target="_blank">Roland Freisler</a>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Somebody, after all, had to make a start. What we
wrote and said is also believed by many others. They just don't dare express
themselves as we did.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Later she said to him:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You know the war is lost. Why don’t you have the courage to
face it?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Freisler sentenced all three defendants to death - and the sentence was carried out that day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sophie walked to the guillotine a few hours later, with great courage. Confronting
death, she said:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">How can we expect righteousness to prevail when there
is hardly anyone willing to give himself up individually to a righteous cause?
Such a fine, sunny day, and I have to go, but what does my death matter, if
through us, thousands of people are awakened and stirred to action?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Christoph Probst was also guillotined that day, before his family knew that he had even
been arrested. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">He never saw Katja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Helmuth von Moltke smuggled a copy of the offending pamphlet to the Allies,
who distributed millions of them over Germany.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This is an edited extract from <i><a href="http://treasonthebook.com/" target="_blank">TREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Plot to Kill Hitler</a></i></span></div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-54625969925410280642015-02-17T08:11:00.000+11:002015-02-17T08:11:52.202+11:00Melitta von Stauffenberg<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RVJCrXa7lwg/VOJbaQPkmyI/AAAAAAAAAjE/bTa9oEUPLHQ/s1600/Melitta.025.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RVJCrXa7lwg/VOJbaQPkmyI/AAAAAAAAAjE/bTa9oEUPLHQ/s1600/Melitta.025.jpg" height="320" width="261" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Melitta von Stauffenberg: <span style="font-size: 12pt;">9 January 1903 — 8 April 1945</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">In
1937, Melitta Schiller, who was of Jewish descent, married Claus von
Stauffenberg’s older brother Alexander.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">A
highly regarded test pilot, Melitta’s ability saved her and her family from the
Holocaust.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Aware
of Claus’s proposed coup, she was asked to fly Claus to and from the Wolf’s
Lair – but she did not have access to a suitable
aircraft.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Following
the Plot’s collapse she was arrested under <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sippenhaft</i>
(kin vengeance), but released in September 1944 to continue her test flight
duties. The Nazis thereafter required her to be referred to as Gräfin (Countess)
‘Schenk’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Melitta
played a key role flying between Claus’s wife Nina (pregnant in hospital and in
custody) and the various camps where members of the Stauffenberg family were
held, keeping them in touch with each other and bringing them food and other
necessities. She found the children in the orphanage in Bad Sachsa, but also
brought Nina the ominous news that they were being transferred to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" target="_blank">Buchenwald</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Unknown
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the concentration camp due to bomb damage to the transport infrastructure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Her husband Alexander was in Athens when the July plot took place. The two were able to speak by telephone before they were arrested, but Alexander was not released until the end of the war - narrowly surviving Himmler's instructions that he be shot.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">On
8 April 1945, Melitta’s slow moving unarmed trainer aircraft was attacked by a
US fighter. She was able to land the aircraft but died soon after from her wounds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;"><o:p>This is an edited extract from <i><a href="http://treasonthebook.com/" target="_blank">TREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Plot to Kill Hitler</a></i></o:p></span></div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-39551446039771979212015-02-13T14:56:00.000+11:002015-02-13T14:59:13.201+11:00Hans von Herwarth<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xeSsZPWx6tE/VN10kMaY-dI/AAAAAAAAAi0/wZ08rwjWOCg/s1600/Hans-Heinrich_Herwarth_von_Bittenfeld_thumb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xeSsZPWx6tE/VN10kMaY-dI/AAAAAAAAAi0/wZ08rwjWOCg/s1600/Hans-Heinrich_Herwarth_von_Bittenfeld_thumb.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Captain Hans-Heinrich (‘Johann’ or
‘Johnny’) Herwarth von Bittenfeld <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">14 July 1904 – 21 August 1999<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Herwarth was a lawyer and economist
who entered the German Foreign Office in 1927, and served in several important
foreign posts, including the German embassies in Paris and, from 1931 to 1939,
Moscow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He worked actively against the
Nazis, and in particular, along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Werner_von_der_Schulenburg" target="_blank">Friedrich-Werner von der Schulenburg</a> (the
German ambassador to Moscow - and not to be confused with conspirator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz-Dietlof_von_der_Schulenburg" target="_blank">Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg</a>), urged foreign powers in the late 1930s not to
give in to Hitler’s territorial demands. He gave important information to
foreign diplomats:</span></div>
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<li><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;">He kept the British informed on the progress of negotiations
between the Germans and Soviets in 1939</span></li>
<li><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;">On 24 August 1939, the day after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
was signed, he gave the full text of its secret protocol, concerning, amongst
other things, the division of Poland, to US diplomats</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;">He warned the Allies of the impending launch of Operation
Barbarossa (the German invasion of the Soviet Union).</span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He married his wife Elisabeth in
1935 and they had one daughter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After the war began, he joined the
army where he served in staff posts, mostly in the east. He helped convey
explosives for the resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His grandmother was Jewish. He was a
cousin by marriage of Claus von Stauffenberg, and worked with him compiling
reports of Nazi atrocities against Jews in the occupied east.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">He survived the war, and was the first West German ambassador to London.
He was later ambassador to Rome. He served in a number of prominent positions,
including as president of the Goethe Institute from 1971 – 1977.</span><!--EndFragment-->
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This is an edited extract from <a href="http://treasonthebook.com/" target="_blank"><i>TREASON</i>: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Plot to Kill Hitler</a></span></span>Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3110612802242920633.post-44059118089310097972015-01-16T08:00:00.000+11:002015-01-16T08:00:00.076+11:00The Haeften brothers<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Oy8-2f0Gz3U/VKdBYnizL3I/AAAAAAAAAh4/LACFmUG87Ck/s1600/vonHaeften.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Oy8-2f0Gz3U/VKdBYnizL3I/AAAAAAAAAh4/LACFmUG87Ck/s1600/vonHaeften.jpg" height="320" width="250" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>Hans-Bernd August Gustav von Haeften </b>(at his trial)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Born 18 December 1905 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Lawyer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Diplomat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E2hO79V4wP8/VKdBCbooN7I/AAAAAAAAAhw/n8z1EKxSt3I/s1600/2641.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E2hO79V4wP8/VKdBCbooN7I/AAAAAAAAAhw/n8z1EKxSt3I/s1600/2641.jpg" height="320" width="235" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>Werner Karl von Haeften<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Born 9
October 1908 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Claus
von Stauffenberg’s aide<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Haeften brothers were
nephews of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" target="_blank">Walther von Brauchitsch</a>, the commander-in-chief of the German army
from 4 February 1938 to 10 December 1941.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Hans-Bernd was a lawyer and
worked for the Foreign Office. He was deeply religious, belonging to the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessing_Church" target="_blank">Confessing Church</a> (established by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth" target="_blank">Karl Barth</a>, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller"><span style="color: #351c75;">Martin Niemöller</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"> and</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" target="_blank">Die</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" target="_blank">trich Bonhoeffer</a>, amongst others), and
associated with the so-called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" target="_blank">Kreisau Circle</a> – although he rarely attended, as
his senior position made this too risky.</span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Werner
was a lawyer who worked for a bank. He joined the army at the outbreak of war. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From
late 1943, having been wounded twice, he served as adjutant to Claus von
Stauffenberg. He held the rank of First Lieutenant. A friend described him as
‘a kind of Siegfried with a sense of humour’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In early
1944, Stauffenberg asked Werner to consider assassinating Hitler. Werner
thought he could shoot Hitler with a pistol. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">However, Hans-Bernd refused
to have anything to do with killing Hitler. He persuaded his brother not to
shoot Hitler as this would break the commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill’ (the
fifth commandment in the Lutheran division of the Decalogue). </span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Thereafter, Werner
remained troubled as to the morality of assassinating Hitler.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The effect of this dissuasion
persisted. It is probably the reason that Werner took no part in the
complicated process of arming the bomb on 20 July 1944.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">However, Hans-Bernd did
support overthrowing Hitler, and was ready on the day of the coup to help
deliver control of the Foreign Office to the resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Prior to 20 July 1944 Claus
von Stauffenberg took the bomb to Hitler on (at least) two</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">occasions (11<sup> </sup>and
15 July), but was prevented from using it. On those days Werner was ill, and
Claus took another young officer of the conspiracy with him – Captain <a href="http://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/biographie/view-bio/klausing/" target="_blank">Friedrich Klausing</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On 20
July 1944, Werner accompanied Claus to the Wolf’s Lair. At various times that
day he carried the plastic explosive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Werner
did not help arm the bomb – which was left to Claus despite the difficulties
due to his injuries. As noted, it was probably Werner’s scruples about the assassination
which prevented his involvement. The result was that Claus was able to arm only
half the explosive before he was interrupted by one of the worst-timed phone calls in history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">After placing the briefcase, Claus joined Werner and two others to watch the explosion. Satisfied that Hitler must be dead, Werner travelled with Claus in their car to the airfield. On the
way he threw from the car a parcel containing the unused plastic explosive – an
action observed by the driver. When the driver reported what he had seen, the
unused explosive was recovered, pointing to the involvement of the two officers
in the bombing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Throughout
the afternoon and evening of 20 July, Werner remained with Claus at the Bendlerblock (Home Army headquarters) in Berlin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hans-Bernd waited with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_von_Trott_zu_Solz" target="_blank">Adam von Trott</a> and others in the Foreign Office. They expected an armed escort to
Broadcasting House, where they would make broadcasts on behalf of the new
regime. When they saw the roadblocks being removed as the plot unravelled, a
friend described it as a ‘ghastly moment’ and said Hans-Bernd went ‘white as a
sheet’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In the early hours of 21 July
1944, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Fromm" target="_blank">General Fromm</a> summarily sentenced Claus von Stauffenberg, along with Werner, as well as
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Olbricht" target="_blank">General Olbricht</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Mertz_von_Quirnheim" target="_blank">Colonel Mertz</a>, to death by firing squad – a sentence
carried out forthwith.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Werner died when he threw
himself in front of the volley meant for Claus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">With his brother Werner so
deeply involved in the July plot, Hans-Bernd was an early suspect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On 23 July 1944, he was
arrested. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On 15 August 1944, he was
brought before the Nazi 'People’s Court'. During his trial he described Hitler as ‘the
incarnation of evil in history’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyOSi_vH0uP47-QJ-mlOxmpWJwQJ_RBjjnO5ZP_szUy-UWTjk_7EuKxS-UCKclQgtM-R-SqmnFsRuBrr7e3qw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He was hanged that day in Plötzensee
prison.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is an edited extract
from </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://treasonthebook.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">TREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Plot to Kill Hitler</span></a><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
Brian Waltershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10115603677185414848noreply@blogger.com0